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Method | Botanical used | Parameters measured | Results | Reference |
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Flow cytometry | Peanut oil (Arachis hypogaea) | Apoptosis induced by TNF-α in rat β-pancreatic cell line (INS-I) | Reduction of apoptosis | Vassiliou et al., 2009 [29] |
Luciferase assay | Sinocrassula indica Berger (Shilianhua) extract | Transcriptional activity of NF-kB induced by LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages | Reduction of transcriptional activity of NF-kB | Yin et al., 2009 [30] |
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) | Zizyphus lotus L. Desf. extract | mRNA levels of IL-2 in human (Jurkat) T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies | Reduction of mRNA and IL-2 levels | Uemura et al., 2010 [25] |
| Lyophilized grape powder (V. vinifera) | Gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, MCP-1, COX-2, and TLR-2 in primary human adipocytes stimulated with TNF-α | Attenuation of all parameters measured | Chuang et al., 2011 [26] |
| White grape seed extract (V. vinifera) | Gene expression of CYP, PPARγ, LEP, APM1, IL-6, and MCP-1 in THP-1 cells and human adipocytes stimulated with LPS and TNF-α, respectively | Reduction of IL-6 and MCP-1 expressions; modulation of APM1 and LEP (adipokine) gene expressions | Kar et al., 2009 [31] |
| Lyophilized grape powder (V. vinifera) | Gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α in human macrophages and adipocytes stimulated with LPS | Reduction of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α gene expressions | Chuang et al., 2010 [27] |
| Cinnamomum burmannii extract | Expression of tristetraprolin (TTP) in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages treated with LPS | Induction of TTP | Cao et al., 2008 [28] |
| Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge var. typica Schneider and C. pinnatifida Bunge | Gene expression of iNOS and COX-2 in murine RAW264.7 macrophages treated with LPS | mRNA levels of iNOS and COX2 were inhibited by C. pinnatifida Bunge | Li et al., 2010 [32] |
| Fructus Xanthii | Protection from IL-1β and IFN-γand NF-kB induced in pancreatic cell line RINM5F | Complete protection | Song et al., 2009 [33] |
| Lyophilized grape powder (V. vinifera) obtained from red, green, and blue-purple seeded and seedless California table grapes | Concentration of IFN-γ inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in human adipocytes and macrophages after treatment with LPS | Reduction of IP-10 | Chuang et al., 2010 [27] |
| Palmitic acid, oleic acid, or DHA | Production of TNF-α and IL-10 in 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes | Increase of IL-10, no effect on TNF-α | Bradley et al., 2008 [34] |
| Lyophilized grape powder, (V. vinifera) | Activation of NF-kB factor and Ikα degradation in primary cultures of human adipocytes treated with TNF-α | Reduction of NF-kB activity and mediation of Ikα degradation | Chuang et al., 2011 [26] |
| Lyophilized grape powder, (V. vinifera) | Activation of NF-κB factor in primary cultures of human adipocytes and macrophages treated with LPS | Inhibition of NF-kB activation | Chuang et al., 2010 [27] |
| Cinnamomum burmanii | Cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2) production by mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with LPS | Reduction of cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2) production | Cao et al., 2008 [28] |
Chromogenic assay (TMPD) | Extract of rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Enzymatic activity of COX in C2C12 cells | Reduction of enzymatic activity |
Priya Rani et al., 2011 [35] |
ELISA | Diosgenin from seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum | Levels of adiponectin and MCP-1 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes | Increase of adiponectin levels and decrease of MCP-1 | Uemura et al., 2010 [25] |
Caspase-3 activity luminometric assay | Hypericum perforatum L. | Determination of apoptosis in rat insulinoma cell line (INS-1E) stimulated with cytokines | Inhibition of apoptosis | Menegazzi et al., 2008 [36] |
| White grape seed extract (V. vinifera) | P65 translocation and PIKBα protein in human monocyte cell line THP-1 and human adipocyte treated with LPS and TNF-α | Partial inhibition |
Chacn et al., 2009 [37] |
No production colorimetric assay | Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge var. typica Schneider and C. pinnatifida Bunge | Cytotoxicity and no inhibitory activity in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS | Inhibition of cytotoxicity and no activity only by C. pinnatifida Bunge | Li et al., 2010 [32] |
Nitrite measurement colorimetric assay | Fructus Xanthii | No production in RINm5F cells treated with IL-1β and IFN-γ | Inhibition of no production | Song et al., 2009 [33] |
NF-kB binding assay | Dietary fatty acids | Binding activity of the P65 subunit of NF-kB in nuclear extracts from 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes | Decrease of binding activity | Bradley et al., 2008 [34] |
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