Review Article

Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation: A Critical Review of In Vitro and Clinical Approaches for Benefit Assessment of Plant Food Supplements

Table 2

In vitro methods and inflammatory parameters measured in diabetes.

MethodBotanical usedParameters measuredResultsReference

Flow cytometryPeanut oil (Arachis hypogaea)Apoptosis induced by TNF-α in rat β-pancreatic cell line (INS-I)Reduction of apoptosisVassiliou et al., 2009 [29]
Luciferase assaySinocrassula indica Berger (Shilianhua) extractTranscriptional activity of NF-kB induced by LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages Reduction of transcriptional activity of NF-kBYin et al., 2009 [30]
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)Zizyphus lotus L. Desf. extractmRNA levels of IL-2 in human (Jurkat) T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 antibodiesReduction of mRNA and IL-2 levels Uemura et al., 2010 [25]
Lyophilized grape powder (V. vinifera) Gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, MCP-1, COX-2, and TLR-2 in primary human adipocytes stimulated with TNF-αAttenuation of all parameters measuredChuang et al., 2011 [26]
White grape seed extract (V. vinifera)Gene expression of CYP, PPARγ, LEP, APM1, IL-6, and MCP-1 in THP-1 cells and human adipocytes stimulated with LPS and TNF-α, respectivelyReduction of IL-6 and MCP-1 expressions; modulation of APM1 and LEP (adipokine) gene expressionsKar et al., 2009 [31]
Lyophilized grape powder (V. vinifera) Gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α in human macrophages and adipocytes stimulated with LPSReduction of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α gene expressions Chuang et al., 2010 [27]
Cinnamomum burmannii extractExpression of tristetraprolin (TTP) in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages treated with LPSInduction of TTPCao et al., 2008 [28]
Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge var. typica Schneider and C. pinnatifida Bunge Gene expression of iNOS and COX-2 in murine RAW264.7 macrophages treated with LPSmRNA levels of iNOS and COX2 were inhibited by C. pinnatifida BungeLi et al., 2010 [32]
Fructus XanthiiProtection from IL-1β and IFN-γand NF-kB induced in pancreatic cell line RINM5FComplete protectionSong et al., 2009 [33]
Lyophilized grape powder (V. vinifera) obtained from red, green, and blue-purple seeded and seedless California table grapesConcentration of IFN-γ inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in human adipocytes and macrophages after treatment with LPSReduction of IP-10Chuang et al., 2010 [27]
Palmitic acid, oleic acid, or DHAProduction of TNF-α and IL-10 in 3T3-L1 murine adipocytesIncrease of
IL-10, no effect on TNF-α
Bradley et al., 2008 [34]
Lyophilized grape powder, (V. vinifera)Activation of NF-kB factor and Ikα degradation in primary cultures of human adipocytes treated with TNF-αReduction of NF-kB activity and mediation of Ikα degradationChuang et al., 2011 [26]
Lyophilized grape powder, (V. vinifera)Activation of NF-κB factor in primary cultures of human adipocytes and macrophages treated with LPSInhibition of NF-kB activationChuang et al., 2010 [27]
Cinnamomum burmanii Cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2) production by mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with LPSReduction of cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2) productionCao et al., 2008 [28]
Chromogenic assay (TMPD) Extract of rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe Enzymatic activity of COX
in C2C12 cells
Reduction of enzymatic activity Priya Rani et al., 2011 [35]
ELISA Diosgenin from seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum Levels of adiponectin and MCP-1 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytesIncrease of adiponectin levels and decrease of MCP-1Uemura et al., 2010 [25]
Caspase-3 activity luminometric assay Hypericum perforatum L.Determination of apoptosis in rat insulinoma cell line (INS-1E) stimulated with cytokinesInhibition of apoptosisMenegazzi et al., 2008 [36]
White grape seed extract (V. vinifera)P65 translocation and PIKBα protein in human monocyte cell line THP-1 and human adipocyte treated with LPS and TNF-αPartial inhibition Chac n et al., 2009 [37]
No production colorimetric assay Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge var. typica Schneider and C. pinnatifida BungeCytotoxicity and no inhibitory activity in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPSInhibition of cytotoxicity and no activity only by C. pinnatifida BungeLi et al., 2010 [32]
Nitrite measurement colorimetric assayFructus XanthiiNo production in RINm5F cells treated with IL-1β and IFN-γInhibition of no productionSong et al., 2009 [33]
NF-kB binding assayDietary fatty acidsBinding activity of the P65 subunit of NF-kB in nuclear extracts from 3T3-L1 murine adipocytesDecrease of binding activityBradley et al., 2008 [34]