Andrographolide, a Novel NF-κB Inhibitor, Induces Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis via a Ceramide-p47phox-ROS Signaling Cascade
Figure 3
Nox-mediated redox signaling in andrographolide-induced ROS formation. (a) Cells were pretreated with a vehicle, 1 mM NAC, or 10 μM DPI for 30 min before being treated with 50 μM andrographolide for 10 min, and the production of ROS was examined using flow cytometric analysis of DCF-DA-stained cells, as described in Section 2. (b) Cells were treated with 50 M andrographolide for the indicated periods. Cells were harvested, and the phosphorylation of p47phox was examined using immunoblotting. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM (error bars: *, **, and ***, compared with the control group, and ## and ###, compared with the group treated only with andrographolide).