Citrus junos Tanaka Peel Extract Exerts Antidiabetic Effects via AMPK and PPAR-𝛾 both In Vitro and In Vivo in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Table 3

Inhibitory effect of YPEE on high-fat diet-induced cholesterol, TG, resistin, leptin, glucose, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

	ND	HFD	YPEEL	YPEEH
Initial body weight (g)	20.2 ± 1.1	19.9 ± 0.8	20.1 ± 0.9	18.9 ± 1.2
Final body weight (g)	27.8 ± 1.6	40.4 ± 2.0^a	38.4 ± 3.8	32.4 ± 2.4^b
HOMA-IR	1.95 ± 0.5	26.2 ± 5.4^a	24.2 ± 6.4^b	7.91 ± 3.3^b
Glucose (mg/dL)	115 ± 3	187 ± 9^a	195 ± 8^b	174 ± 11^b
Serum
Resistin (ng/mL)	17.5 ± 1.9	29.9 ± 2.1^a	29.8 ± 3.3	20.6 ± 1.8^b
Leptin (ng/mL)	1.6 ± 0.2	14.0 ± 1.6^a	10.1 ± 1.5^b	3.7 ± 0.9^b
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	79.1 ± 3.0	92.0 ± 3.1^a	77.6 ± 1.7^b	74.2 ± 1.2^b
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	68.4 ± 9.8	78.5 ± 6.4^a	75.6 ± 4.8	67.5 ± 8.4^b
Insulin (ng/mL)	0.23 ± 0.05	1.85 ± 0.33^a	1.64 ± 0.39^b	0.58 ± 0.21^b

ND: normal diet; HFD: high-fat diet; YPEEL: high-fat diet plus 1% ethanol extract of yuja peel/kg diet; YPEEH, high-fat diet plus 5% ethanol extract of yuja peel/kg diet. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (𝑛=8). ^a𝑃<0.05 versus ND; ^b𝑃<0.05 versus HFD.