Effects and Mechanisms of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Ameliorating Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Table 1

Efficacy and mechanisms of Chinese herb-derived compounds in the treatment of MIR.

Mechanism of action in TCM terminology	Plant	Compound	Mechanism	Biomarker/Targets	In vivo/In vitro	References
Tonifying Qi (energy) to activate circulation and enrich Blood	Salvia miltiorrhiza	Tanshinone IIA	Anti-inflammation	MCP-1, TGF-β1, TNF-α, NF-κB	In vivo	[56]
			Antioxidant	VEGF, HIF-1𝛼; MDA, SOD, GPx	Both	[68, 72]
			Antiapoptosis	Bcl-2/Bax, caspase-3	Both	[72]
			Promote angiogenesis	VEGF, HIF-1𝛼	In vivo	[68]
			Promote BMSCs migration	SCF-1, CXCR-4	In vivo	[67]
		Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate	Anti-apoptosis	LDH, JNK, p38	In vivo	[73]
		Magnesium tanshinoate B	Anti-apoptosis	p-JNK, cytochrome c, caspase-3	In vitro	[74]
		Salvianolic acid A	Activate calcium channels	I-CaL	In vivo	[75]
		Salvianolic acid B	Promote angiogenesis	VEGF	In vivo	[76]
		Salvianolic acids	Antioxidant	15-F2t-IsoP, ET-1, CK-MB	In vivo	[77]
			Reduce ME	CK	In vitro	[78]
		Tanshinone combined with salvianolic acids	Inhibit of intracellular calcium, and anti-apoptosis, antioxidants	ICAM-1, Ca^2+	In vivo	[79]
		Tanshinone IIA combined with salvianolic acid B	Antioxidant	CAT, L-arginine, eNOS, AMPK, Akt	In vivo	[80]
		Danshensu	Antioxidant, reduce ME	SOD, MDA; CKMB, LDH	In vivo	[81]
		Salvia miltiorrhiza extract	Antioxidant, reduce ME	MDA, SOD, and GPx; LDH, CK, GOT	In vivo	[82, 83]
		Aqueous extracts of Salvia miltiorrhizae	Reduce ME, promote angiogenesis	CK-MB and cTnT, 6-keto-PGF-1𝛼/TXB-2	In vivo	[84]
		Salvia miltiorrhizae	Antioxidant	COX-2; TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1-𝛼	In vivo	[85]
	Radix Ginseng	Saponin of red ginseng	Inhibit Ca^2+ overload, up-regulate KATP	Ca^2+; KATP; cTnI; PI3K	Both	[86, 87]
		Total ginsenosides	Antioxidant, anti-apoptosis	Ca^2+; eNOS, iNOS, GR; PI3K, Akt	In vivo	[87, 88]
		Radix Ginseng extracts	Antioxidant, reduce ME	NO, eNOS; CK, LDH	In vivo	[88]
	Astragalus membranaceus	Astragaloside IV	Up-regulate KATP channel subunits, facilitate KATP currents	KATP channel subunits Kir6.1, Kir6.2, SUR2A, SUR2B	In vivo	[70]
	Rhodiola	Salidroside, tyrosol	Anti-apoptosis	caspase-3, p-JNK, cytochrome c	In vitro	[60]
	Millettia pulchra	17-Methoxyl-7-hydroxy-benzene-furanchalcone	Antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis	MDA; TNF-α; NF-κB p65, Bcl-2-associated X protein	Both	[89]
	Schisandra chinensis	Schisandrin B	Anti-inflammation and	Hsp25, Hsp70	In vivo	[57]
			Antioxidant	cytochrome P-450	In vivo	[90]
	Lycium barbarum	Lycium barbarum polysaccharides	Increase Na^+-K^+-ATPase and Ca^2+-ATPase, anti-apoptosis	Na^+-K^+-ATPase, Ca^2+-ATPase; Bax, Bcl-2	In vivo	[71]
Moving Qi and activating circulation to resolve stasis	Ligusticum wallichii	Tetramethylpyrazine	Antioxidant, inhibit neutrophil	HO-1; Migrated neutrophil	In vivo	[91]
		Aqueous extracts of Rhizoma Chuanxiong	Reduce ME, promote angiogenesis	CK-MB, cTnT; 6-keto-PGF-1𝛼/TXB-2	In vivo	[84]
	Carthamus tinctorius L.	Extracts of Carthamus tinctorius	Antioxidant, anti-inflammation	ROS, MDA, SOD; CRP, TNF-𝛼, IL-1𝛽; PI3K	Both	[92, 93]
	Panax notoginseng	Extracts of Panax notoginseng	Antioxidant, anti-inflammation	MDA, SOD; CRP, TNF-𝛼, IL-1𝛽	In vivo	[92]
		Notoginsengnosides	Reduce ME	CK	In vitro	[78]
	Dipsacus asper	Asperosaponin VI	Antioxidant, reduce ME, and protect mitochondrial function	SOD, GOT, GPx, MDA; CK-MB, LDH, cTnT; ICDH, MDH, 𝛼-KGDH, ATP, Ca^2+	In vivo	[94]
			Anti-apoptosis, reduce ME	Bcl2/Bax, caspase-3; LDH, CREB, PI3K	In vitro	[95]
	Pyrolae	Flavonoid of Herba Pyrolae	Antioxidant, reduce ME	SOD, MDA; CK, LDH	In vivo	[96]
	Lamiophlomis rotata	Forsythoside B	Antioxidant, anti-inflammation	MDA, MPO, SOD, GPx;Tn-T, TNF-𝛼, IL-6, HMGB1; IkBa, NF-κB	In vivo	[50]
	Sida cordifolia L.	Hydroalcoholic extract of Sida cordifolia L.	Antioxidant, reduce ME	SOD, CAT; LDH, CK-MB	In vivo	[24]
	Desmodium	Desmodium gangeticum	Stimulate muscarinic receptors	Muscarinic receptor	In vivo	[97]
Inducing Diuresis to resolve stasis	Leonurus	3,5-Dimethoxy-4-(3-(2-carbonyl-ethyldisulfanyl)-propionyl)-benzoic acid; 4-Guanidino-butyl ester	Anti-apoptosis	Caspase-3, Bcl-2/Bax, Akt	In vitro	[61]
		4-Guanidino-n-butyl syringate	Inhibit Ca^2+ overload, antiapoptosis	Ca^2+; Bcl-2, Bax, LDH	In vivo	[98]
	Acorus gramineus	Acori graminei Rhizoma	Inhibit calcium overload	Ca^2+	In vivo	[99]
	Phytolacca	Oleanolic Acid	Anti-apoptosis	AMPK, p38, FOXO3	In vitro	[100]
	Tetrandra	Tetrandrine	Inhibit neutrophil, antioxidant	neutrophil adhesion, Mac-1; ROS	In vivo	[23]
Cooling Blood to stop bleeding	Baicalensis	Botanical Flavonoids	Antioxidant	ROS, NO, SOD, CAT, GPx	Both	[101, 102]
	Coptidis rhizoma	Palmatine	Antioxidant, reduce ME	SOD, MDA, COX-2; LDH, CK	In vivo	[49]
	Buxus microphylla	Cyclovirobuxine D	Antioxidant, reduce ME	KATP channel opening; NO, ROS, SOD, MDA; CPK, LDH, FFA	In vivo	[52, 103]
Tonifying Qi to invigorate Yang	Cinnamon	2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde	Antioxidant, anti-inflammation	VCAM-1,TNF-𝛼, HO-1	In vivo	[51]
	Herba Cistanches	A semipurified fraction of Herba Cistanches	Protect mitochondrial function, antioxidant, and anti-apoptosis	ATP-generation, mitochondrial uncoupling; GSH; caspase-3	Both	[65]
Regulating Qi and moving Qi	Corydalis	Corydalis yanhusuo extract	Anti-apoptosis	Bax, Bcl-2	In vivo	[104]
	Magnolia officinalis	Magnolol	Antioxidant; inhibit neutrophil	MPO, superoxide anion; migrated neutrophil	In vivo	[105]