Review Population
Type of yoga interventions
Type of comparisons
Outcomes Health condition No. of primary studies incl. in SR No. of participants Aljasir et al., 2010 [8 ]Type 2 diabetes 5 362 Mixed yoga and yoga with dietary and herbal intake No data Blood glucose levels, lipid profile, body mass index (BMI), and diabetes-related complication Anderson and Taylor, 2011 [9 ] Metabolic syndromes 2 125 Restorative yoga Waitlist, usual care Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, blood glucose, blood lipids (HDL, LDL), perceived stress (SF-36), and food frequency Büssing et al., 2012
[10 ]Pain symptoms 16 937 Mixed yoga (LAYT, Viniyoga, Raj, and unspecified others) Waitlist, usual care, exercise, medication, and lecture Effect size of pain using standardized measurements (i.e., VAS, MPQ, and CMDQ) Cabral et al., 2011 [11 ]Psychiatric disorders 10 343 Hatha, Iyengar, Kriya, Sahaja, Integrated, Meditation, and Siddha Samadhi No data Major psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and PTSD) Dickinson et al., 2008 [12 ] Hypertensive 2 63 Yoga and meditation No comparison group Systolic and diastolic blood pressure Gerritsen et al., 2002 [13 ] Carpal tunnel syndrome 1 42 11 yoga postures Usual care Pain and sleep disturbance scores Haaz and Bartlett, 2011 [14 ]Arthritis 10 243 Iyngar and Kundalini yoga Waitlist, usual care, and no comparison group Disease activity score (DAS), joint inflammation, functional ability (strength, balance, flexibility, and mobility), psychosocial (arthritis impact measurement scale 2 (AIMS2), HRQL (SF-36), Beck Depression Index (BDI)), and medication usage Heiwe and Jacobson, 2011 [15 ] Chronic kidney disease 1 40 Modified yoga including balancing, strengthening, and breathing techniques Exercise Muscular strength, grip strength, and blood lipids (triglyceride, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol) Innes and Vincent, 2007 [16 ] Women with menopause 7 408 Hatha, Iyengar, Sahaja, Hot, Yoga Awareness Program (Kripalu), and Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy Waitlist, exercise, and no comparison group Overall menopausal symptoms, vasomotor menopausal symptoms, and sleep disturbance Innes et al., 2010 [17 ] Type 2 diabetes 25 1828 Various components including asana, Kriya, or cleansing exercises, meditation, pranayama, and meditation Waitlist, usual care, exercise, and book/pamphlet Insulin resistance (fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, fructosamine, fasting insulin, and fasting glycated hemoglobin), blood lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, low/high-density lipoprotein, very LDL, cholesterol/HDL ratio, and LDL/HDL ratio), anthropometric measures (BMI, body weight, and body composition), blood pressure (systolic/diastolic), and medical usage Kirkwood et al., 2005 [18 ]Anxiety disorders 8 370 Kundalini Sham yoga, medication, book/pamphlet, and tablet placebo Anxiety scales and checklists (YBOCS, HAS, ACL, Inst. for personality and ability testing) Krisanaprakornkit et al., 2006 [19 ]Anxiety disorders 2 76 Kundalini Relaxation response/mindful meditation Anxiety rating scale Langhorst et al., 2012 [20 ] Women with fibromyalgia syndrome 2 93 Yoga of Awareness Program Waitlist, usual care Pain, sleep, fatigue, depression (VAS), and health-related quality of life (FIQ—fibromyalgia impact questionnaire) Lee et al., 2009 [21 ]Menopausal women 7 470 Iyengar, restorative, and integrated yoga (!AYT) Waitlist, exercise Psychological, somatic, vasomotor, and total symptoms of menopause Lin et al., 2011 [22 ]Psychological Health 10 788 Hatha, restorative, integrated, mind-body stress reduction, and Tibetan yoga No data Psychological health rating (anxiety, depression, distress, and stress), and quality of life and physical measures (self-reported health, fatigue) Mahendira and Towheed, 2009 [23 ] Osteoarthritis (L91) 1 No data Unspecified yoga Waitlist with wrist splint Efficacy of treatment Marc et al., 2011 [24 ] Anxiety in pregnant women 1 34 Mindfulness interventions Waitlist Perceived stress (perceived stress scale), depression, anxiety, positive/negative affect, and affect regulation Morone and Greco, 2007 [25 ] Pain symptoms 4 188 Yoga, relaxation, and education Waitlist, book/pamphlet Pain (WOMAC, RDS, joint tenderness, and visual analogue scale), physical function Muller et al., 2004 [26 ] Carpal tunnel syndrome 1 46 Unspecified yoga Usual care (splint) Pain and grip strength Pilkington et al., 2005 [27 ]Depression 5 183 Iyengar, Kriya, and Broota's relaxation technique (BRT) Waitlist, sham yoga, exercise, medication, and electroconvulsive therapy Depression rating scale Posadzki et al., 2011 [28 ]Pain symptoms 7 403 Hatha, Iyengar, Viniyoga, and 2 others unspecified Waitlist, usual care, exercise, book/pamphlet Pain, disability, depression rating scales, and medication usage Ram et al., 2003 [29 ] Asthmatic 3 147 Breathing exercise, meditation, postures, deep muscle relaxation, and chanting Waitlist, exercise, and no data for some groups Asthma symptoms (peak expiratory flow rates, exacerbations per week, and asthma symptom scores) Ramaratnam and Sridharan,
2000 [30 ]Epileptic 2 50 Sahaja, Pranayama, Dhyana, Yama, and Niyama Sham yoga, talk therapy Seizure frequency and duration Slade and Keating, 2007 [31 ] Low back pain 2 145 Iyengar, Viniyoga Exercise, lecture, and book/pamphlet Pain and function rating scores Smith and Pukall, 2009 [32 ] Pain/relaxation in labour 2 281 Yoga program with educational activities Usual care, exercise, music, and other yoga groups Pain intensity, satisfaction with pain relief, satisfaction with childbirth, Apgar score, use of pharmacological pain relief, length of active labour, and augmentation in labour Smith et al., 2011 [33 ]Anxiety in cancer patients 10 892 Hatha, Iyengar, Restorative, Yoga of Awareness, Tibetan, and 4 others unspecified Waitlist, exercise, and talk therapy Anxiety, stress, depression, fatigue, sleep quality, spiritual wellbeing, and quality of life scales
