|
| Bioactive compound | Biological source | Model | Biological effect | References |
|
| Umbelliferone (Figure 3(d)) and esculetin (Figure 4(a)) | Various plant species | Subacute MPTP model of PD in mice | Decrease in nitrosative stress, protection of tyrosine-hydroxylase- (TH-) positive neurons- and attenuation of caspase-3 activity | [96] |
|
| Asiaticoside (Figure 4(b)) | Centella
Asiatica | MPTP-induced parkinsonism in rats | Protection of dopaminergic neuron, alleviation of oxidative stress and motor dysfunction | [97] |
|
|
Acacetin (Figure 4(c)) |
Chrysanthemum, safflower, Calamintha and Linaria species | MPP+-induced toxicity in primary mesencephalic culture | Protection of dopaminergic neuron and inhibition of production of inflammatory factors |
[98, 99] |
| Subacute MPTP model of PD in mice | Protection of dopaminergic neuron, avoidance of dopamine (DA) depletion, and alleviation of behavioral deficits |
| Lipopolysaccharide stimulated BV-2 microglial cells | Significant inhibition of NO, prostaglandin E2, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in LPS stimulated BV-2 cells |
|
|
Magnolol (Figure 4(d)) | Magnolia obovata | MPP+-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells | Protection of MPTP-induced cytotoxicity and mitigation of oxidative stress |
[100–102] |
| Acute MPTP model of PD in mice | Attenuation of MPTP-induced decrease in DAT and TH protein levels and lipid peroxidation in striatum |
| 6-OHDA model of PD in mice | Amelioration of apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation and increase of TH protein expression in striatum |
| Lipopolysaccharide + Interferon-γ-(IFN-γ) stimulated BV-2 and HAPI cells | Inhibition of LPS + IFN-γ-induced NO, cytokine, and ROS expression in BV-2 and HAPI cells |
|
| Naphthazarin (Figure 5(a)) | Lomatia obliqua | Acute MPTP model of PD in mice | Protection of dopaminergic neuron and suppression of astroglial response | [103] |
|
| Xyloketal B (Figure 5(b)) | Xylaria species | MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and PC12 cells | Increases cell viability in C. elegans and PC12 cells, attenuation of intracellular ROS accumulation, and restoration of GSH level in PC12 cells | [104] |
|
| Morin (Figure 5(c)) | Onion, red wine and Osage orange | MPP+-induced toxicity in PC12 cells | Attenuation of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis in PC12 cells |
[105] |
| Subacute MPTP model of PD in mice | Attenuation of behavioral deficits, dopaminergic neuronal death, and striatal dopamine depletion |
|
| Fucoidan (Figure 5(d)) | Laminaria japonica | MPP+-induced toxicity in MN9D cells | Protection of MN9D cells | [106, 107] |
| Acute MPTP model of PD in mice | Reduced behavioral deficits, oxidative stress and cell death, increase in striatal dopamine and TH expression |
| LPS-induced damage to rat neurons and primary microglia | Downregulation of intracellular ROS and cytokines release in LPS-activated microglia |
|
| Luteolin (Figure 6(a)) | Celery, perilla leaf and chamomile tea. | LPS-induced cell toxicity in primary mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures | Inhibition of LPS-induced activation of microglia and excessive production of TNF-α, NO, and superoxide | [108]
|
|
|
Tetramethylpyrazine (Figure 6(b)) | Ligusticum chuanxiong | MPP+-induced toxicity to rat mesencephalic neurons | Increase of dopaminergic neurons and its neurite length |
[109, 110] |
| Subacute MPTP model of PD in mice | Increase in density of dopaminergic neurons |
| LPS-stimulated N9 microglial cells | Inhibition of NO and iNOS through blocking MAPK and PI3K/Akt activation and reducing ROS production |
|
|
Astragaloside IV (Figure 6(c)) | Astragalus membranaceus | MPP+-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells | Reduction in cell loss, activity of caspase-3, ROS, and increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | [111, 112] |
| 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in primary nigral culture | Promotion of neurite outgrowth and increase in TH-positive neurons |
|
|
Theaflavin (Figure 6(d)) | Camellia sinensis | Subacute MPTP model of PD in mice | Reduction in oxidative stress, motor deficits, and increase in the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) and VMAT2 in striatum and SN | [113, 114] |
| Chronic MPTP/probenecid model of PD in mice | Attenuation of caspase-3, 8, 9 expression, increase in nigral TH and DAT |
|
|
S-Allylcysteine (Figure 6(e)) | Allium sativum | Subacute MPTP model of PD in mice | Reduction in TNF-α, inducible iNOS, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression | [115, 116] |
| MPP+-induced striatal damage in mice | Attenuation of MPP+-induced loss of striatal DA level, oxidative stress, and behavioral deficits |
|
