Abstract
Background. Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. However, only a few trials assess the effects of arts therapies. Material and Methods. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and Google Scholar from their start date to January 2012. We handsearched reference lists and contacted experts. All randomized controlled trials, quasi-randomized trials, and controlled clinical trials of art interventions in breast cancer patients were included. Data were extracted and risk of bias was assessed. Meta-analyses were performed using standardized mean differences. Results. Thirteen trials with a total of 606 patients were included. Arts therapies comprised music therapy interventions, various types of art therapy, and dance/movement therapies. The methodological quality ranged from poor to high quality with the majority scoring 3 of 4 points on the Jadad scale. Results suggest that arts therapies seem to positively affect patients’ anxiety (standardized mean difference: −1.10; 95%, confidence interval: −1.40 to −0.80) but not depression or quality of life. No conclusion could be drawn regarding the effects of arts therapy on pain, functional assessment, coping, and mood states. Discussion. Our review indicates that arts interventions may have beneficial effects on anxiety in patients with breast cancer.
1. Introduction
1.1. Description of the Condition
Breast cancer is a condition whose diagnosis may result in extensive emotional, physical, and social suffering. It engenders stress and anxiety related to future prognosis and potential mortality. It may also cause uncertainty about changes in a woman’s body image and treatment options. Patients may experience anxiety regarding surgical experience, coping with acute pain, treatment regimens, financial burdens of care, and disruptions of their personal and professional lives [1, 2].
Cancer patients are increasingly turning to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies to reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, and boost their ability to cope with stress. Different types of arts interventions have been used to alleviate symptoms and treatment adverse effects in women suffering from breast cancer. Arts therapies are made use of especially by motivated patients who want to actively participate in their healing process. Amongst others, from a large New Zealand health survey which sampled 12.529 people, aged 15 years and older, it is known that CAM users are more likely to be middle aged, rich, well educated, of European descent, and female [3]. They are more likely to have hardness to treat conditions and to be less well but actively try to maintain their health. In particular, when patients undergo acute treatment, arts therapies are recommended as well, when physicians detect the need for psychosocial support and therefore consult psychooncology services.
1.2. Description of the Interventions
Arts as therapy have become increasingly popular in a number of medical and health fields and the application ranges from working with children suffering from psychiatric disorders to elderly dementia patients. As the importance of psychosocial aspects of dealing with a cancer diagnosis and treatment has been better recognized and understood, the interest in arts therapies for breast cancer patients has also increased. Art therapy is an umbrella term for therapies such as dance and movement therapy, music therapy, and art therapy working with visual arts materials. The use of the artistic media as a means for therapy offers patients a way to communicate experiences, feelings, and needs, which are hard to express verbally. This possibility for an alternative way of communication can be important in particular for patients who are dealing with emotional conflicts and spiritual or existential issues. In reflecting on the image, music, or dance as well as on the process of its production with the arts therapist, one’s resources can be activated or new ways of coping with the situation can be developed. At the same time the artistic process can be a way for experiencing one’s own capability or to relax in times of straining physical treatment. Arts therapies therefore are increasingly used in psychooncology with the goal of psychosocial stabilization and support in the process of coping with the disease [4–6].
1.3. Other Research
Mainly, studies have looked at symptomatic effects such as anxiety and depression, two of the most commonly coexisting accompanying illnesses of breast cancer, while there are only a few empirical trials assessing the effects of art therapy on coping and quality of life of the breast cancer patient, apart from a number of case studies.
Wood et al. in 2011 carried out a systematic review of art therapy in adult cancer patients [7]. They concluded that art therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that is being used to manage a spectrum of treatment-related symptoms and facilitate the process of psychological readjustment to the loss, change, and uncertainty characteristic of cancer survivorship. However, the review did not include a meta-analysis. Moreover, while breast cancer was the most prominent type of cancer in their review, Wood et al. did not include a separate analysis of studies that included only breast cancer patients [7]. Since patients with different types of cancer are heterogeneous in terms of sociodemographic factors, symptoms, treatment, and side effects, meta-analyses should focus on homogenous cancer groups [8]. Furthermore, the terminology is somewhat confusing since there is “art therapy” in which the term “art” refers to visual art and “arts therapies” as a main category for all forms also including therapies such as music therapy, dance therapy, and drama therapy.
Two Cochrane reviews were also published the same year—one investigating the effects of dance/movement therapy and the other of music therapy for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients [9, 10]. They found that one study suggested that dance/movement therapy may have a beneficial effect on quality of life. No effect of dance/movement therapy on body image was found. Furthermore, music interventions may have beneficial effects on anxiety, pain, mood, and quality of life in people with cancer and may have a small effect on heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. No review has yet assessed the available data on all forms of art therapy specifically in women with breast cancer.
1.4. Objective
It is the objective of this review to evaluate the current evidence and examine the effects of arts therapies (as defined above) on psychological outcomes in patients with breast cancer.
2. Material and Methods
PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses [11] and the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration [12] were followed.
2.1. Electronic Database Search
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, and Google Scholar. All databases were searched from their start date to January 2012. We handsearched reference lists and contacted experts. There were no language restrictions.
Search terms used for Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were as follows: (breast or mamma) and (carcinoma or cancer) for breast cancer search and (art or dance, music or movement, or drawing or painting) for arts therapies search which were combined. These search terms were slightly modified for other databases.
2.2. Study Selection
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-randomized trials, and controlled clinical trials of art interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in breast cancer patients. RCTs comparing the effect of art therapy with standard treatment or other treatments such as pharmacological medications in patients with breast cancer (aged >16 years) were eligible for inclusion. Trials that allowed other concomitant treatments were eligible, as long as they were given to both the art therapy and control groups. Participants undergoing biopsy and bone marrow transplantation were also included.
2.3. Outcome Assessment
Psychological outcome measures such as depression, anxiety, and quality of life as measured by validated instruments are the specific types of outcome measures that are closely being looked at in this review.
2.4. Data Extraction, Assessment of Methodological Quality, Allocation Concealment, and Risk of Bias Assessment
Data were extracted and risk of bias was assessed. One reviewer (KB) reviewed all searched articles to evaluate suitability for inclusion. If there was uncertainty, it was resolved by discussion with the corresponding reviewers (TS, TO, HC). After selection of studies, the aforementioned reviewer extracted data from the selected articles: author, year of publication, country of origin, study design, participants, outcome measures, arts therapy intervention, control intervention, main results, and adverse events. Data were extracted as intention-to-treat analyses; that is, all withdrawals and dropouts were assumed to be treatment failures, if trial reporting provided relevant information. Where possible, results were presented in meta-analyses using mean differences and standardized mean differences.
To assess the methodological quality of the respective studies, the Jadad score was adopted, which refers to randomization (0 to 2 points), blinding of the assessor (statistician, physician, assessor, or researcher, as cited in the original publications: 0 to 1 points), and dropout reporting (0 or 1 point) as indicators of methodological quality of a study [13]. Since double blinding was impossible, assessor blinding and therefore single blinding were rated. The total achievable score was 4 points. However, while it is clear what blinding of a “statistician” means, it is not very clear what blinding of “researcher” (as it was stated in some studies) may mean; therefore, it was assumed that this term referred to the outcome assessor.
Allocation concealment was assessed in accordance with the Cochrane guidelines [12]: (A) means adequate (telephone randomization or using consecutively numbered, sealed, opaque envelopes); (B) means uncertainty about the concealment (method of concealment is not known); (C) means inadequate (e.g., alternate days, odd/even date of birth, and hospital number).
Based on the methodological quality and the confidence in the results, the quality of evidence for each outcome was assessed according to the GRADE recommendations as high quality, moderate quality, low quality, or very low quality [14].
2.5. Data Synthesis and Statistical Analysis
Data were pooled using a fixed effects model. As crossover trials were included in the analysis, the generic inverse variance method was used. Studies were classified and combined in the analysis according to the outcome measure, intervention type, and/or control intervention. The impact of arts therapies on continuous outcomes at the end of treatment was expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 was used to generate forest plots of pooled SMDs with 95% CI. SMD was calculated as Hedge’s using a standardized Excel spreadsheet. For crossover trials, the calculation was adapted for intercorrelations between groups. Where no correlation was reported, it was estimated as 0.7 [15]. To address inconsistencies among the included studies, the test was used. The statistic indicates the proportion of variability across studies not explained by chance alone and the value of 50% or more was considered to be an indicator of substantial level of heterogeneity.
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
The literature search revealed 13 clinical controlled trials with a total of breast cancer patients (Figure 1), [16–28] of which 2 were not randomized [17, 27].
One trial used a crossover design [17]. All studies were carried out between 2005 and 2011. The included studies employed therapies described as music therapy (), art therapy (), dance or movement therapy (), or music-assisted relaxation (). Most studies applied 2–6 sessions of art therapy to the breast cancer patients (range 2–66 sessions). Outcome measures included anxiety , QoL (but only reported for ), depression , mood states , symptoms/functional assessment , blood pressure , heart rate , social behavior/social desirability , body image , pain , coping , benefit finding , spiritual wellbeing , and shoulder range of motion . Number of participants in the treatment groups ranged between 10–54 patients and in the control group between 15–51 patients (Table 1).
3.2. Meta-Analysis
For the outcome “anxiety” trials were included and meta-analyzed. Results showed a mean difference of −1.10 [−1.40, −0.88]. This result is highly significant () (see Figure 2).
For the outcome “depression” trials were included and meta-analyzed. Results showed a mean difference of −0.30 [−0.60; 0.00] (). This difference is not significant (see Figure 3).
For the outcome “quality of life” trials were included and meta-analyzed. Results showed a mean difference of 0.15 [−0.09; 0.40] () (see Figure 4).
3.3. Assessment of Methodological Quality
The methodological quality of included studies ranged from poor to high quality in the assessment with the majority scoring 3 [16, 23, 26, 28] or more points [20–22, 25] out of 4. One study received no [17], two studies one [19, 27], and two studies two points [18, 24] on the Jadad scale.
3.4. Quality of Evidence
Table 2 shows the assessment of quality of evidence for included studies according to the outcome. On a scale 1–9, anxiety and depression were rated to be symptoms of critical importance for breast cancer patients, whereas quality of life was rated as important. The quality of evidence for all outcomes was rated as medium meaning that the recommendation is as follows: in breast cancer patients the option of participation in arts therapies is being suggested and shown to be significantly effective for reduction of anxiety over control.
4. Discussion
This meta-analysis showed that arts therapies seem to positively affect the extent to which breast cancer patients score in anxiety and depression but not quality of life. It leads to the recommendation that in breast cancer patients the option of participation in arts therapies is being suggested and shown to be significantly effective for reduction of anxiety and depression over control.
Apart from case reports, there are currently only a small number of empirical studies investigating the effect of art therapy on psychological parameters such as coping and quality of life accompanying the breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
4.1. Limitations
Not all studies included the same outcomes. There were a small number of studies per outcome. Therefore, the effectiveness of medical interventions for anxiety and depression could not be compared with those of arts therapies interventions. Three of the studies report on the same study population only different outcome measures [23, 26, 28].
4.2. Art Therapy Concepts
A qualitative study with cancer patients who made use of art therapy during their outpatient experience whilst receiving chemotherapy was recently published [29]. Researchers did not only investigate the effects on quality of life or coping but they were also interested in identifying aspects of how patients experience art therapy as being “effective.”
During the analysis of the interviews, three dimensions of effectiveness became clear:(1)the process in general perceived as relaxing or stimulating due to the creative activity;(2)the therapeutic relationship allowing to communicate about oneself while feeling listened to;(3)the patient-image-art triadic relationship supporting the expression of emotions (in this case) through the painting and its symbolic function.
These findings correspond with the central categories describing processes of communication in art therapy as defined by Luzzatto: the direct communication between therapist and patient, a silent creative communication between patient and image, and the therapist trying to understand and elaborate the image together with the patient [30]. In this context one can conclude that the concept of art therapy in oncology is well suited. It makes it possible to identify and reflect on parallel-running processes of interactions within the individual, which are present on a number of different levels and constantly changing between physical and emotional state.
Nevertheless, the appropriate intervention in the wide spectrum from offering relaxation to the trying process of reflecting one’s present situation of a possibly life-threatening illness needs to be chosen carefully. The often rapid changes in patients’ physical and emotional state, especially in the acute treatment, require a high level of flexibility of the arts therapist. In order to support the process of coping with the disease, while not undercutting patient’s individual strategies for holding up her mental stability, the arts therapist often needs to intervene in very different ways with each patient as well as sometimes in each session.
These coercively flexible strategies of intervention in combination with a broad range of concepts in arts therapies make it difficult to examine the effects of arts therapies. Accordingly, existing reviews and overviews of art therapy for cancer patients [7, 31] report about the complexity due to the very different therapy concepts that are being compared to assess the effect of art therapy in the context of the cancer disease and they also underline the necessity for further research projects, especially in regard to a further establishment of art therapy as an option to aid the care of cancer patients.
Since this review could not show a positive effect of art therapy on quality of life, what needs to follow is a comparative discussion of different intervention strategies according to phase of treatment in particular. In phases of great physical strain relaxation, oriented listening to music in receptive music therapy can result in fast effects, while those of a more confronting theme oriented intervention in visual art therapy possibly can be shown only in a longer interval.
Currently, a French team of researchers is enrolling patients in a phase 2 and phase 3 studies of art therapy for supportive care labeled “Impact of art therapy on fatigue and quality of life of patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer” (trial identifier NCT01331629) [32].
Further studies investigate especially the influence of art therapy on symptoms of anxiety and depression. A significant improvement of their coping resources was found, for instance, in the RCT by Oster et al. for a group of breast cancer patients [23].
Overall, the option of participation in arts therapies can be recommended and has shown to be significantly effective for the reduction of anxiety over control in breast cancer patients.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.