Qigong Exercise Alleviates Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms, Improves Sleep Quality, and Shortens Sleep Latency in Persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Like Illness

Table 3

Correlations between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Chalder Fatigue Scale (ChFS), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) change scores with number of Qigong sessions attended and weekly duration of Qigong practice.

	Attendance frequency		Self-practice (min./week)
	()		()
Mean (SD)	11.9 (5.1)		145.4 (77.2)
Median	15.0		151.7
Interquartile	(8.0–16.0)		(105.8–185.9)
T1 − T0
Change in PSQI	−0.288	0.013	−0.093	0.474	−0.101	0.439
Change in PSQI-subjective sleep quality	−0.422	0.001	−0.300	0.017	−0.315	0.013
Change in PSQI-sleep latency	−0.321	0.005	−0.205	0.104	−0.189	0.137
Change in PSQI-sleep duration	−0.089	0.445	0.107	0.401	0.115	0.371
Change in PSQI-sleep efficiency	−0.055	0.638	0.122	0.338	0.110	0.389
Change in PSQI-sleep disturbance	−0.266	0.021	−0.318	0.010	−0.303	0.018
Change in PSQI-use of sleep medication	0.039	0.743	0.007	0.956	−0.030	0.816
Change in PSQI-daytime dysfunction	−0.213	0.070	−0.083	0.520	−0.081	0.536
Change in total fatigue	−0.587	<0.001	−0.418	0.001	−0.398	0.001
Change in HADS-anxiety	−0.328	0.004	−0.269	0.031	−0.253	0.045
Change in HADS-depression	−0.420	<0.001	−0.397	0.001	−0.388	0.002
T2 − T0
Change in PSQI	−0.254	0.030	−0.099	0.442	−0.127	0.330
Change in PSQI-subjective sleep quality	−0.377	0.001	−0.272	0.031	−0.311	0.014
Change in PSQI-sleep latency	−0.255	0.027	−0.205	0.105	−0.222	0.080
Change in PSQI-sleep duration	−0.147	0.209	0.020	0.874	0.001	0.991
Change in PSQI-sleep efficiency	−0.071	0.548	0.126	0.322	0.110	0.393
Change in PSQI-sleep disturbance	−0.336	0.003	−0.235	0.062	−0.228	0.072
Change in PSQI-use of sleep medication	0.027	0.822	0.040	0.754	0.012	0.927
Change in PSQI-daytime dysfunction	−0.256	0.029	−0.157	0.222	−0.159	0.222
Change in total fatigue	−0.611	<0.001	−0.403	0.001	−0.360	0.004
Change in HADS-anxiety	−0.274	0.018	−0.313	0.012	−0.297	0.018
Change in HADS-depression	−0.286	0.013	−0.299	0.016	−0.292	0.020

T0: baseline; T1: immediate postintervention; T2: 3-month postintervention.
^aPartial correlation controlling the amount of other exercises.