Protective Effects of Panax Notoginseng Saponins on Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Overview of Experimental Studies

Table 2

Cardiovascular effects of PNS (Rb1, Rg1, and R1) in vivo research.

Compounds	Organ/animals	Effects		Study
Raw and steamed extracts	Rats blood	Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic effect; protecting myocardium cells from apoptosis	(i) Prolong rat bleeding time	Lau et al., 2009 [11]
PNS	Rats heart		(ii) Activate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and improve the left ventricular EF, left ventricular FS, LVDd, and LVDs at end systole	Chen et al., 2011 [13]
PNS (Rb1, Rg1)	Guinea pig heart		(iii) Inhibit the total myocardial ATPase	Chen et al., 1994 [25]
PNS	SD rats	Antimyocardial ischemia and hypoxia effect	Decrease MDA and elevated SOD activity and decrease cytokines such as TNF-𝛼, CRP, and IL-1𝛽	Han et al., 2013 [37]
Radix Notoginseng	Sprague-Dawley rats	Lipid-lowering effect	Decline in serum levels of TC, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, with an increase in serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels; reduced levels of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase	Xia et al., 2011 [45]
Panax notoginseng root	Sprague-Dawley rats	Inhibition of Intimal Hyperplasia and smooth muscle cell proliferation	(i) Inhibit the vascular intimal hyperplasia and lower the expression of PCNA, cyclin E, cyclinD1, FN, and MMP-9	Wu et al., 2010 [47]
PNS	Rats heart		(ii) Lower the IA, IT, HRIA, the ratio of intimal/mesolamella area and thickness, and the expression of PCNA	Wang et al., 2009 [48]
PNS	Rabbits	Antiatherosclerosis effect	(i) Decrease the mRNA expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB/p65 in the aorta wall after 8 weeks of treatment in rabbits and regulate the blood lipid profile	Liu et al., 2010 [55]
PNS	Rats heart		(ii) Enhance transcriptional activation of the LXRalpha gene promoter, subsequently upregulated of ABCA1 and ABCG1, and inhibit NF-kappaB DNA binding activity	Fan et al., 2012 [56]
PNS	Rats		(iii) Reduce the gene expression of some inflammatory factors, such as integrins, IL-18, IL-1beta, and matrix MMP-2 and MMP-9, increase the expression of IkappaBalpha, and attenuate the expression of NF-kappaB/p65	Zhang et al., 2008 [57]
PNS	Rats		(iv) Suppress phosphorylation of FAK on threonine 397, integrins expression, and NF-kappaB translocation	Yuan et al., 2011 [58]
PNS	Zebrafish		(v) Promote changes in the subintestinal vessels	Hong et al., 2009 [60]
Rg1	Open-chest dogs	Antiarrhythmia effect	Prolong SNRT, AVWCL, and VERP and increase VFT	Wu et al., 1995 [63]
PNS	Rats	Inhibition of left ventricular remodeling	(i) Inhibit the markers of cardiac hypertrophy including HW/BW, LVW/BW, and the MD	Zhou et al., 2005 [71]
PNS	SHR		(ii) Increase the effect of calcium pump on the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum, decrease the myocardial intracellular Ca2+, and reduce the mass of the left ventricular muscle	Feng and Jiang, 1998 [72]
PNS	Rats		(iii) Stimulate ACE2 to inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha and enhance the antioxidance	Guo et al., 2010 [73]

EF: ejection fractions; FS: fractional shortening; LVDd: left ventricular dimensions at end diastole; LVDs: left ventricular dimensions; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TNF-𝛼: tumor necrosis factor-𝛼; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-1𝛽: interleukin-1𝛽; TC: total cholesterol; IA: intimal area; IT: intimal thickness; HRIA: hyperplasia ratio of intimal area; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen; ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette A1; ABCG1: ATP-binding cassette G1; IL: interleukin; MMP-2: metalloproteinases-2; SNRT: sinus node recovery time; AVWCL: AV conduction Wenckebach cycle length; VERP: ventricular effective refractory period; VFT: increase ventricular fibrillation threshold; HW/BW: weight/body weight; LVW/BW: left ventricular weight/body weight; MD: myofibril diameters.