Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Berberine in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Effects of BBR on inflammatory cytokines and inflammation in cultured cells or animals with diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance.

References	Cell type, animal model	Administration of BBR	Samples examined	Effects of BBR
[42]	3T3-L1 adipocytes	10 μM for 18 hours	3T3-L1 adipocytes	↓: TNF-𝛼, IL-6, CRP, and HP mRNAs
[43]	HepG2 cells, palmitate induced insulin resistance	0.1–10 μM for 24 hours	Culture media	↓: TNF-𝛼, IL-6
[44]	RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with LPS	5 μM pretreated for 2 hours before LPS treatment for 6 hours	RAW 264.7 macrophages	↓: IL-1𝛽, IL-6, MMP9, COX2, and iNOS mRNAs
[45]	Mouse primary splenocytes treated with or without LPS	0.8–3.3 μM for 48 hours	Culture media	↓: TNF-𝛼, IL-6
[46]	NIT-1 pancreatic 𝛽-cells treated with LPS	1.25–5 μM for 24 hours	Culture media	↓: TNF-𝛼, IL-6, and MCP-1
[47]	KM mice, obesity and insulin resistance induced by HFD feeding for 13 weeks	50 or 150 mg/kg/d, p.o. for 2 weeks	Serum	↓: TNF-𝛼, IL-6
[48]	Wistar rats, STZ 50 mg/kg, single i.p. injection	100 mg/kg/d, p.o. for 7 weeks	Serum	↓: CRP
[49]	Wistar rats, NAFLD and insulin resistance induced by HFD for 8 weeks	187.5 mg/kg/d, p.o. for 4 weeks	Liver	↓: inflammatory cell infiltration
[44]	db/db mice	5 mg/kg/d, i.p. for 4 weeks	White adipose tissue	↓: TNF-𝛼, IL-1𝛽, IL-6, MCP-1, iNOS, and COX2 mRNAs
[28]	SD rats, STZ 60 mg/kg, single tail vein injection	200 mg/kg/d, p.o. for 12 weeks	Kidney	↓: ICAM-1, TGF-𝛽1 protein expression
[50]	NOD mice	200 mg/kg/d, p.o. for 2 weeks	Supernatant from splenocytes, CD4^+ T cells from spleen/lymph nodes	↓: TNF-𝛼, IL-6, IFN𝛾, and IL-17
[51]	NOD mice	50, 150 and 500 mg/kg/d, p.o. for 14 weeks	Supernatant from splenocytes	↑: IL-10/IL-1𝛽 and IL-10/IL-6 ratios; ↓: IFN𝛾
			Kidney and liver	↑: IL-10/IL-6 and IL-10/TNF-𝛼 ratios of mRNA levels

↓: decrease, ↑: increase; BBR: berberine, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, KM mice: Kunming mice, HFD: high fat diet, STZ: streptozotocin, NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, p.o.: per os/oral administration, i.p.: intraperitoneal, TNF-𝛼: tumor necrosis factor-𝛼, IL: interleukin, CRP: C-reaction protein, HP: haptoglobin, MMP9: matrix metalloprotease 9, COX2: cyclooxygenase-2, iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase, MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, ICAM-1: intercellular adhesionmolecule-1, TGF-𝛽1: transforming growth factor-𝛽1, IFN𝛾: interferon-𝛾.