Study Herbal medicines Target cell Herbal extraction Dosage Outcomes and mechanisms Imai et al. (1995) [24 ] Shakuyaku-kanzo-to (TJ-68) Human endometrium (proliferative-phase from hysterectomy patients due to leiomyoma) Concentration: 1 to 10 mg/mL Time: 30 min 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μ g/mL (1) PG level↓ (2) Turnover of arachidonic acid in endometrial cells↓ Hsu et al. (2003) [61 ] Wen-Jing Tang Uterine muscle from female Wistar rats (250–350 g) Extract rate: 35.73%. Solvent: 50% alcohol 0.125–4 mg/mL Uterine contraction (i) Phasic contraction (induced by PG, acetylcholine, ergonovine, propranolol, and oxytocin)↓ (ii) Tonic contraction (induced by KCl)↓ Hsu et al. (2006) [14 ] Dang-Qui-Shao-Yao-San Uterine muscle from female Wistar rats (250–350 g, 6-7 weeks old) Extract rate: 30.63%. Solvent: 50% alcohol 0.125–4 mg/mL Uterine contraction (i) Phasic contraction (induced by PG, acetylcholine, ergonovine, propranolol, and oxytocin)↓ (ii) Tonic contraction (induced by KCl)↓ Du et al. (2006) [62 ] Ligustilide (from Angelica sinensis ) Uterine muscle from female Wistar rats (180–200 g) and female ICR mice (20–24 g) Purity: >97% 2–8 μ g/mL Uterine contraction (i) Spontaneous↓ (ii) Induced by PG , acetylcholine, K+ , and Ca2+ -free solution↓ Hua et al. (2008) [25 ] Dang-Gui-Shao-Yao-San Endometrium from nonpregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats (190–210 g) Solvent: 10 L of 50% ethanol 1, 10, and 100 μ g/mL (1) PG level↓ (2) COX-2 mRNA transcription, protein expression, and enzyme activity↓ Hsia et al. (2008) [56 ] Adlay hull Uterine muscle from female Sprague-Dawley rats (200–300 g) Solvent: 1 L of methanol 0, 25, 75, 175, 375, and 500 μ g/mL (1) Uterine contraction (induced by PG )↓ (2) Intracellular ↓ Perez-Hernandez et al. (2008) [63 ] Lepechinia caulescens Uterine rings from virgin female Wistar rats (240–300 g) Solvent: 3 L of hexanes 10, 30, and 100 μ g/mL Uterine contraction (induced by KCl)↓ Rowlands et al. (2009) [64 ] Bak Foong Pills Uterine muscle from mature female ICR mice (8–10 weeks old) Solvent: ethanol −4.5–2.5 log mg/mL Uterine contraction (induced by oxytocin)↓ Su et al. (2010) [65 ] Shaofu Zhuyu decoction Uterine muscle from nonpregnant sexually mature female Kunming strain mice (18–22 g, 6-7 weeks old) Solvent: 5 mL of methanol 6.25–200 μ g/mL Uterine contraction (induced by oxytocin)↓ Liu et al. (2011) [18 ] Xiang-Fu-Si-Wu decoction Uterine muscle from virgin female Wistar rats (180–220 g) and female ICR mice (20–25 g) Solvent: ethanol (10–80%) 0.01 or 0.001 mg/mL Uterine contraction (induced by oxytocin)↓ Shi et al. (2012) [35 ] Isoliquiritigenin (from Glycyrrhiza glabra ) Uterine muscle from nonpregnant female ICR mice (18–22 g) Purity: >99% 0.5–1000 μ M (1) Uterine contraction (i) Spontaneous↓ (ii) Induced by acetylcholine, KCl, and oxytocin↓ (2) ↓ (3) iNOS↓ (4) COX-1/COX-2↓
Shih and Yang(2012) [66 ] Wogonin (from Scutellaria baicalensis ) Uterine muscle from nonpregnant female Wistar rats (250–350 g) Solvent: 50% aqueous ethanol Purity: >99.0% 1–100 μ M Uterine contraction (i) Spontaneous↓ (ii) Induced by oxytocin, PG , and acetylcholine↓ Jia et al. (2013) [67 ] Core licorice extract (CLE) Uterine muscle from healthy and young adult female ICR mice (25–30 g) Concentration: 0.5 g/mL (1) Control group: distilled water (2) CLE group: 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/mL (3) Reference drugs and CLE group Uterine contraction (i) Spontaneous↓ (ii) Induced by KCl, acetylcholine, carbachol, oxytocin, and bradykinin↓