Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae): A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of This Medicinal Plant
Table 4
Pharmacological studies of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. described in the literature.
Pharmacological activity
Plant part
Extract/compounds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aerial parts
Methanol and petrol ether extracts
At 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, over 7 days, by oral route in mice, only the methanol extract presented significant analgesic activity in Eddy’s hot plate and tail-flack models
Fractions obtained by sequential extraction of the vegetal material with petrol ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water
Petrol ether fraction was inactive against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Benzene fraction was the most active, against both microorganisms. Chloroform and methanol fractions were active only against Bacillus subtilis. Acetone and ethanol fractions were active only against Escherichia coli. Aqueous fraction was active against both microorganisms, although to a much lesser degree than the other fractions.
Petrol ether and ethyl acetate fractions from ethanol : dichloromethane (1 : 1, v/v) extract
The petrol ether fraction (1 mg/mL) inhibited in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhimurium. The ethyl acetate fraction (1 mg/mL) was active against Staphylococcus aureus
Water and ethyl acetate fractions from methanol extract
Both fractions, at 1 mg, did not produce zones of inhibition for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,nor Candida albicans
Presented antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,,and Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Did not produce inhibition zones against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Shigella dysenteriae,and Streptococcus penumoniae
At 0.5 and 1 mg/mL, showed significant antibacterial activity in vitro against Bacillus cereus var mycoides, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus faecalis and antifungal activity in vitro against Candida albicans
Presented antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Did not produce inhibition zones against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Shigella dysenteriae,and Streptococcus penumoniae
At 200 g/100 L, only the methanol extract showed in vitro antibacterial activity upon Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli and antifungal activity upon Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Fractions obtained by sequential extraction of the vegetal material with ethyl acetate and methanol
At 2 mg/mL concentration, the ethyl acetate and methanol fractions presented inhibitory activities in vitro of 71 and 100%. The methanol fraction presented IC50 of 0.05 mg/mL
Water and ethyl acetate fractions from methanol extract
The minimal concentration producing 75% of inhibition or higher against Microsporus canis, for both fractions, was 1 g/mL. For the fungus Microsporus gypseum, Microsporus fulvum,and Microsporus gallinae, none of the fraction presented inhibitory activity
At 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, over 7 days, by oral route in mice, only the methanol extract presented significant anti-inflammatory activity on carrageenan-induced paw edema
At 500 and 1000 mg/kg, by oral route in rats, inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw edema. At 50 and 100 mg/kg, by oral route in rats, inhibited the cotton pellet induced granuloma formation in rats. At 0.5 and 1 mg/ear, the leaf paste reduced the inflammation response in mouse ear edema model
The ethanol extract, as well as jatrophone, exhibited significant inhibitory activity in vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of the nasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivo against four standard animal tumor systems
2-Hydroxyjatrophone, 2-hydroxy-5,6-isojatrophone and 2-hydroxyjatrophone, diterpenes isolated from petrol ether extract
Presented antineoplasic activity upon P-388 lymphocytic leukemia test system both in vivo and in vitro, as well as for the Eagle’s carcinoma of the nasopharynx test system in vitro
Petrol ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol extracts
All extracts showed only poor DPPH scavenging activity. The total antioxidant capacity was higher in ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts, having the petrol ether and chloroform showing only poor activity. The lipid peroxidation was inhibited only partially by the extracts, with the ethyl acetate being the most active and the petrol ether being the least
At 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg, by oral route in mice, showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouse intestinal transit model and at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL inhibited in vitro the acetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolated rat jejunum. Only the organic fraction of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect, whereas both chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergic effect
Water and ethyl acetate fractions from methanol extract
At 1, 10, and 100 g/mL, both fractions presented 100% of inhibition of plaque-forming ability of Sindbis virus in treatment preinfection protocol (IC50 < 1 g/mL), while in treatment postinfection, the IC50 of water fraction increased to 512 and acetate fraction increased to 37 g/mL. For murine cytomegalovirus, IC50 of 1.7 and 1.5 to water and ethyl acetate fractions were observed, respectively, in treatment preinfection protocol. In the treatment postinfection, however, no inhibition was observed in this microorganism
At 200 mg/kg, by intraperitoneal route, decreased the inflammation and increased vascular neoformation and collagen deposition when compared to the control group in healing process of sutures performed on the bladder of rats. However, in general, no favorable healing effect was observed.
Although some improvement could be observed in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall of rats treated with 100 mg/kg of extract (intraperitoneal instillation intraperitoneal cavity), in general, only a poor healing activity was observed.
At 0.1 mL volume, by topical application, the crude extract presented significant differences concerning the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of healing process occurring in open skin lesions in rats
At 200 mg/kg/day, over 7 days, by oral route in rats, both extracts presented hepatoprotective activity in carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage, with the petrol ether being the most active and the methanol being the least
At 125 and 250 mg/kg/day, over 4 weeks, by oral route in rats, in a dose-dependent manner, reduced the systolic blood pressure and produced a concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolated (ex vivo) endothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted with norepinephrine or CaCl2
Relaxant effect on uterine smooth muscle (tocolytic activity)
Aerial parts
Ethanolic extract and chloroformic and aqueous fractions
At 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL, the ethanolic extract reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of the uterine smooth muscle, as well as the chloroformic fraction. The aqueous fraction presented only slight effect
At 200 and 400 mg/kg, by oral route in mice, presented sedative effect in the hole cross test; At 200 mg/kg, presented anxiolytic activity in hole board test; At 400 mg/kg, presented anxiolytic activity in elevated plus-maze test
At 200 and 400 mg/kg, by oral route in mice, presented sedative effect in the hole cross test; At 200 mg/kg, presented anxiolytic activity in hole board test; At 400 mg/kg, presented anxiolytic in elevated plus-maze test
The complete version of the paper was not accessible, so the information was obtained from its abstract. IC50: concentration that inhibits 50% of the referred activity.