Auricular Point Acupressure to Manage Chronic Low Back Pain in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Table 1

Outcome measures used in this study.

	Items	Score range	Internal consistency; (Cronbach’s 𝛼)
Pain intensity
Worst pain (BPI-sf)	1	0–10	n/a
Overall pain intesnity (BPI-sf)	4	0–40	0.69
Pain severity (MPI-s)	2	0–12	0.86
Physical functionning
RMDQ	24	0–24	0.92
Interference (BPI-sf)	7	0–28	0.96
Interference (MPI-s)	2	0–14	0.89
Pain quality (MPQ-sf)
Sensory	11	0–44	0.74
Affect	5	0–20	0.82
Total MPQ-sf	16	0–64	0.82
Other dimensions related to pain
Affective distress related; to pain (MPI-s)	2	0–8	0.77
Life control related to pain (MPI-s)	2	0–8	0.90
Emotional functionning
Anxiety (PROMS)	8	8–40	0.96
Depression (PROMS)	8	8–40	0.94
Generalized anxiety; Disorder 7 (GAD-7)	7	0–21	0.80
Pain beliefs (fear avoidance)
Fear-physical	4	0–24	0.88
Fear-work	7	0–42	0.85
Catastrophizing (PCS)
Rumination	4	0–16	0.86
Maginification	3	0–12	0.61
Helplessness	6	0–18	0.91
Health related quality of life
Physical	7	7–28	0.76
Psychological	6	6–24	0.73
Social	3	3–12	0.74
Environment	8	8–32	0.85

BPI-sf: brief pain inventory short form.
MPI-s: multidimensional pain inventory screening.
MPQ-sf: McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form.
RMDQ: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire.
PCS: The Pain and Catastrophizing Scale.
PROMIS: patient-reported outcomes measurement information system.