Preclinical Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity of Viburnum opulus L. on Sodium Oxalate-Induced Urolithiasis Rat Model

Table 2

Effect of the test samples on the urine parameters.

Groups	Unit	Statistical mean ± S.E.M.
		Vehicle	NaOx	Hexane extract	EtOAc extract	MeOH extract	LJVO	LCJVO	Cystone
Creatinine	mg/dL	2.27 ± 0.09	4.25 ± 0.17	4.16 ± 0.09	3.97 ± 0.09	3.45 ± 0.27	2.95 ± 0.24*	2.25 ± 0.19*	1.39 ± 0.10**
Urea nitrogen	mg/dL	18.42 ± 1.75	25.75 ± 0.98	28.59 ± 1.53	18.98 ± 1.43	21.14 ± 0.96	14.32 ± 1.17	13.23 ± 0.93*	11.17 ± 0.84*
Uric acid	mg/dL	0.37 ± 0.83	2.97 ± 0.56	2.95 ± 0.97	2.55 ± 1.16	2.06 ± 1.03	1.96 ± 0.95	1.79 ± 0.81	1.63 ± 0.75
Sodium	mEq/L	108.25 ± 3.76	128.51 ± 2.59	111.67 ± 2.09	100.25 ± 3.27	125.75 ± 2.19	107.12 ± 3.22	80.47 ± 4.56**	73.85 ± 2.05***
Potassium	mEq/L	72.54 ± 2.12	106.1 ± 2.76	126.3 ± 1.86	89.96 ± 2.36	97.71 ± 3.51	92.55 ± 3.02	88.20 ± 2.54	68.41 ± 1.92*
Chloride	mEq/L	85.79 ± 2.66	149.15 ± 2.77	99.63 ± 2.81	116.25 ± 3.59	108.55 ± 3.27	96.43 ± 2.54	91.02 ± 1.69	82.45 ± 1.60
Calcium	mg/dL	4.88 ± 0.36	10.20 ± 0.21	8.61 ± 0.48	5.65 ± 0.55	5.82 ± 0.59	4.92 ± 0.29	5.02 ± 0.22	4.56 ± 0.18
Microalbumin	mg/L	2.41 ± 0.08	7.54 ± 0.07	2.55 ± 0.15	6.10 ± 0.36	4.99 ± 0.84	1.37 ± 0.23	1.02 ± 0.20*	0.78 ± 0.18**
Oxalate	mg/dL	1.54 ± 0.11	2.15 ± 0.74	1.99 ± 0.25	1.77 ± 0.21	1.02 ± 0.18	0.69 ± 0.10**	0.61 ± 0.09**	0.59 ± 0.03***
Magnesium	mg/L	0.16 ± 0.05	0.09 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.06	0.11 ± 0.08	0.15 ± 0.10	0.10 ± 0.04	0.16 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.02
Volume of urine	mL	7.66 ± 1.15	11.75 ± 1.21	12.00 ± 1.85	8.00 ± 1.56	18.00 ± 1.44*	25.21 ± 0.19**	24.00 ± 1.28**	19.56 ± 1.53*
pH of urine	—	7.93 ± 0.14	9.00 ± 0.35	9.00 ± 0.31	8.75 ± 0.39	9.00 ± 0.27	7.92 ± 0.42	7.66 ± 0.42	7.25 ± 0.35
Kidney weight	g	1.22 ± 0.09	2.20 ± 0.05	1.92 ± 0.10	1.93 ± 0.08	1.95 ± 0.09	1.91 ± 0.06	1.89 ± 0.07	1.87 ± 0.08

S.E.M.: standard error of the mean; ^∗𝑃<0.05; ^∗∗𝑃<0.01; ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001; test groups were compared to the vehicle.