Xanthoceraside Ameliorates Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contributing to the Improvement of Learning and Memory Impairment in Mice with Intracerebroventricular Injection of A𝜷1-42

Figure 3

Protective effects of xanthoceraside against A𝛽1-42-induced spatial memory impairment in probe test of water maze test in mice. (a) Time spent in the fourth quadrant where the platform has been located. (b) Percentage of the swimming distance in the fourth quadrant where the platform has been located. The data are presented as means ± SEM (𝑛=9–11). ^###𝑃<0.001, ^##𝑃<0.01 compared with control group; ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, ^∗𝑃<0.05 compared with model group. (c) Characteristic swimming trails of the mice in probe test. (A) Control; (B) model; (C) xanthoceraside 0.08 mg/kg; (D) xanthoceraside 0.16 mg/kg; (E) xanthoceraside 0.32 mg/kg; and (F) huperzine A 0.039 mg/kg.

(a)

(b)

(c)