An Emerging Translational Model to Screen Potential Medicinal Plants for Nephrolithiasis, an Independent Risk Factor for Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 1

Potential antilithic medicinal plants/agents and rate of calcium oxalate crystal formation in Malpighian tubules of male Drosophila.

Common name	Latin name/chemical name	Crystal formation (%)
Control		10.20
0.5% EG		100.00
Chinese hawthorn	Crataegus pinnatifida	36.36
Dogwood	Cornus officinalis	62.50
Chinese yam	Dioscorea opposite	45.45
Sichuan lovage rhizome	Ligusticum chuanxiong	27.27
Pseudoginseng	Panax notoginseng	33.33
Common bur reed	Sparganium stoloniferum	45.45
Szechwan chinaberry	Melia toosendan	30.00
Rhubarb	Rheum rhabarbarum	25.00
Morinda root	Morindae officinalis.	33.33
Trogopterus dung	Faeces trogopterori	7.14
Salvia root	Salviae miltiorrhizae	0.00
Cowherb seed	Semen vaccariae	20.00
Achyranthes root	Achyranthis bidentatae	30.00
Costus root	Aucklandia lappa	20.00
Kidney tea	Clerodendranthus spicatus	30.00
Akebia caulis	Caulis akebiae	10.00
Licorice root	Glycyrrhiza uralensis	40.00
Largehead atractylodes	Atractylodis macrocephalae	80.00
White peony root	Paeonia lactiflora	0.00
Dried rehmannia root	Rehmannia glutinosa	30.00
Safflower	Carthami flos	0.00
Dark plum fruit	Fructus mume	60.00
Bupleurum	Bupleurum chinensis	54.55
Magnolia bark	Magnolia officinalis	50.00
Peach kernel	Semen persicae	25.00
Immature bitter orange	Citrus aurantium	50.00
Fructus aurantii	Citrus aurantium Fructus	40.00
Wolfberry	Lycium barbarum	66.67
Corydalis tuber	Corydalis yanhusuo	0.00
Walnut	Juglans regia	30.00
Herba lysimachiae	Lysimachia christinae	9.00
Common monkshood root	Aconitum carmichaelii	40.00
Chinese clematis	Clematis chinensis	28.57
Fructus evodiae	Evodia rutaecarpa	18.18
Lalang grass rhizome	Imperata cylindrica	0.00
Cinnamon	Cinnamomum cassia	8.33
Ginger	Zingiber officinale	10.00
Chingma abutilon seed	Abutilon indicum	41.67
Taiwan angelica root	Angelica dahurica	25.00
Cynanchum glaucescens	Cynanchi stauntonii	8.33
Blackened swallowwort root	Cynanchum atratum	9.09
Almond	Prunus armeniaca	0.00
Yerbadetajo herb	Eclipta prostrata	0.00
Myrrh	Commiphora molmol	—
Common peony root	Paeonia veitchii	64.00
Argy wormwood leaf	Artemisia argyi	0.00
Glauber’s salt	Sodium sulfate	—
Plantaginis seed	Plantago asiatica L.	0.00
Honeysuckle stem	Lonicera japonica	0.00
Plantaginis	Plantago asiatica	0.00
Frankincense	Boswellia sacra	11.00
Giant knotweed	Polygoni cuspidati	0.00
Honeysuckle flower	Lonicera japonica Thunb.	18.00
Polyporus	Polyporus umbellatus	75.00
Talcum powder	Pulvis talci	40.00
Taraxacum	Taraxacum officinale	57.14
Membrane of chicken gizzard	N/A	66.67
Common rush	Juncus effusus	28.57
Carapax trionycis	Trionyx sinensis	57.14
Rehmanniae preparata root	Rehmannia glutinosa	44.44
Bazheng powder	N/A	33.00
Fringed pink	Dianthus superbus	75.00
Water plantain	Alisma canaliculatum	25.00
Coix seed	Coix lacryma-jobi	75.00
Pilose asiabell root	Codonopsis pilosula	33.33
Himalayan teasel root	Dipsacus asperoides	100.00
Milkvetch root	Astragalus membranaceus	0.00
Cape jasmine fruit	Gardenia jasminoides	50.00
Rhizoma curcumae	Curcuma phaeocaulis	50.00
Indian buead	Wolfiporia cocos	0.00
Sweetgum fruit	Liquidambar formosana	20.00
Rice paperiant pith	Tetrapanax papyriferus	100.00
Combined spicebush root	Lindera aggregata	40.00
Corn stigma	Zea mays L.	66.00
Common knotgrass	Polygonum aviculare L.	50.00
Baical skullcap root	Scutellaria baicalensis	0.00
Angelica root	Angelicae sinensis	0.00
South dodder seed	Cuscuta chinensis	100.00
Scurfpea fruit	Psoralea corylifolia	25.00
Dwarf lilyturf tuber	Ophiopogonjaponica	50.00