Propolis: A Complex Natural Product with a Plethora of Biological Activities That Can Be Explored for Drug Development

Table 2

Antioxidant activity of propolis and its chemical constituents.

Origin	Propolis type/plant source	Type of extract/isolated compound(s)	Species/cells	Effect	References
Portugal (Serra de Bornes and Fundão)	European propolis/Populus nigra	Methanolic extract	Human erythrocytes	Decrease in lipid peroxidation	[64];
				Free radical scavenging	[62]
Brazil	Propolis from the stingless bee Melipona orbignyi/probablypoplar tree	PEE	Human erythrocytes	Free radical scavenging; inhibition of hemolysis and lipid peroxidation	[183]
Portugal (Central Algarve)	European propolis/Populus nigra	PEE, PWE, and methanolic extracts		Free radicals scavenging, chelation of metal ions	[63]
Cuba	Red propolis/C. rosea	Methanolic extract Nemorosone		Free radicals scavenging	[36]
Slovenia	European propolis/Populus nigra	PEE		Strong reducing power and ability to scavenge free radicals and metal ions	[184]
Romania	European propolis/Populus nigra	PEE	Female Swiss mice (UVB exposure)	Decrease in malondialdehyde levels, restoration of glutathione peroxidase activity	[83]
Kangaroo Island	Australian propolis/Acacia paradoxa	Ethyl acetate extract; stilbenes		Free radical scavenging	[39]
China	European propolis/Populus nigra	Ethyl acetate extract		Free radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity	[81]
Algeria	Mediterranean propolis/Populus spp. and Cistus spp.	Methanolic extract		Free radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity	[31]
Uruguay	European and green propolis/Populus nigra and B. dracunculifolia	PEE	Bovine aortic endothelial cells	Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein peroxidation and NADPH oxidase and increase in nitric oxide synthase	[82]
Brazil	Green propolis/B. dracunculifolia	PEE	C57BL/6 mice (acute lung inflammation caused by cigarette smoke)	Normalization of nitrite, myeloperoxidase levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity and reduction of glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and malondialdehyde levels	[185]
Turkey	Mediterranean propolis/Populus spp., Eucalyptus spp., and Castanea sativa	PEE	Fibroblast cells	Decrease of DNA damage induced by H2O2	[186]
			Male Wistar rats	Decrease in CAT activity and MDA levels in NOS inhibited rats	[84]
			Carps (Cyprinus carpio)	Decrease in malondialdehyde levels, superoxide dismutase activity and increase of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity	[187]
Purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co.	Characteristic of European type propolis	CAPE		Free radical scavenging, inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation	[85]
			Male Wistar albino rats	Maintenance of superoxide dismutase activity, decrease of xanthine oxidase activity and malondialdehyde and nitric oxidase levels	[86]
			Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cyclists	Reduction of hyperthermia-induced survival inhibition, necrosis, superoxide production, glutathione depletion, and intracellular superoxide	[87]