Effects of a Mindfulness Meditation Course on Learning and Cognitive Performance among University Students in Taiwan
Table 4
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for the effects of mindfulness meditation on College Learning Effectiveness Inventory (CLEI) and computer cognitive tasks ().
Variable
Least squares mean (95% confidence interval)
statistic (df)
value
Intervention
Control
College Learning Effectiveness Inventory (CLEI)
Full scale score
130.2 (128.5, 131.8)
127.2 (125.4, 129.0)
5.320 (1, 276)
0.022
(1) Emotional satisfaction score
17.6 (17.2, 18.0)
17.8 (17.3, 18.2)
0.227 (1, 276)
0.635
(2) Management score
13.7 (13.4, 14.0)
13.4 (13.0, 13.7)
1.753 (1, 276)
0.187
(3) Achievement
17.1 (16.8, 17.5)
17.1 (16.7, 17.5)
0.002 (1, 276)
0.964
(4) Stress
16.9 (16.6, 17.2)
16.9 (16.5, 17.2)
0.015 (1, 276)
0.904
(5) Attention to study
16.4 (16.0, 16.7)
16.5 (16.2, 16.9)
0.230 (1, 276)
0.632
(6) Class communication
12.0 (11.8, 12.3)
12.4 (12.1, 12.6)
2.717 (1, 276)
0.100
(7) Confidence
10.6 (10.4, 10.9)
10.9 (10.6, 11.2)
1.473 (1, 276)
0.226
(8) Involvement with college activity
12.8 (12.5, 13.1)
13.0 (12.7, 13.3)
0.742 (1, 276)
0.390
(9) Friendship
10.5 (10.2, 10.8)
10.9 (10.6, 11.2)
3.380 (1, 276)
0.067
Computer cognitive task
(1) Digit vigilance task
Accuracy (%)
86.2 (83.7, 88.7)
81.9 (78.5, 85.2)
3.982 (1, 172)
0.048
Reaction time (msec)
30.6 (29.4, 31.7)
33.4 (31.9, 35.0)
8.589 (1, 172)
0.004
(2) Choice reaction time
Accuracy (%)
75.2 (72.1, 78.3)
67.6 (63.5, 71.6)
8.308 (1, 172)
0.004
Reaction time (msec)
38.1 (36.7, 39.5)
38.9 (37.0, 40.8)
0.427 (1, 172)
0.514
(3) Spatial working memory
Accuracy (%)
84.5 (82.8, 86.3)
81.4 (79.0, 83.8)
4.210 (1, 172)
0.042
Reaction time (msec)
20.9 (19.8, 22.0)
22.0 (20.5, 23.4)
1.205 (1, 172)
0.274
(4) Memory scanning task
Accuracy (%)
84.6 (82.5, 86.7)
82.3 (79.5, 85.1)
1.598 (1, 167)
0.208
Reaction time (msec)
32.0 (31.0, 33.0)
32.8 (31.5, 34.1)
0.974 (1, 167)
0.325
Means were posttest scores adjusted for pretest scores, sex, college, and experience with mindfulness meditation. msec: millisecond.
