Urinary Metabolite Profiling Offers Potential for Differentiation of Liver-Kidney Yin Deficiency and Dampness-Heat Internal Smoldering Syndromes in Posthepatitis B Cirrhosis Patients

Table 2

List of urinary differential metabolites in cirrhosis patients and among TCM YX, SR Zheng subgroup relative to controls.

Compounds	Liver cirrhosis versus control			YX versus control		SR versus control		SR versus YX
	VIP^a	FC^b		FC^d		FC^e		FC^f
GC-MS
4-Pyridinecarboxylate	1.855	0.46		0.47		0.38		0.81
Threonine^*	1.498	0.64		0.63		0.60		0.96
Proline^*	1.474	1.30		1.57		1.79		1.14
Citrate^*	1.33	1.50		1.60		1.37		0.85
Aconitate^*	1.393	1.36		1.46		1.27		0.87
2-Pentendioate	1.734	1.58		2.14		1.52		0.71
Hippurate^*	1.905	0.47		0.57		0.36		0.64
2-Aminobutyrate^*	1.954	0.38		0.34		0.30		0.88
Acetyl citrate	1.517	2.75		3.26		3.24		1.00
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate^*	2.121	1.88		2.19	<0.0001	1.74		0.80
4-Hydroxy-benzenepropanedioate	1.723	4.29		4.41		5.51		1.25
UPLC-QTOF-MS
cis-Aconitate^*	2.0	0.75		0.74	<0.0001	0.76	<0.0001	1.03
Pyroglutamate^*	2.1	0.69		0.65	<0.0001	0.75	<0.0001	1.15
O-Phosphotyrosine	2.0	0.70		0.72	<0.0001	0.70	<0.0001	0.97
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate	2.1	1.70		1.73	<0.0001	1.72	<0.0001	0.99
Alpha-hydroxyisobutyrate^*	2.4	0.42		0.46	<0.0001	0.35	<0.0001	0.75
3-Hydroxyisovalerate^*	2.4	0.55		0.55	<0.0001	0.54	<0.0001	0.99
Dopaxanthin	1.8	0.23		0.30		0.14	<0.0001	0.46
Alpha-hydroxyhippurate^*	2.1	0.35		0.42	<0.0001	0.24	<0.0001	0.57
Canavaninosuccinate	3.1	25.57		25.94	<0.0001	25.79	<0.0001	0.99
L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate	1.6	0.71		0.74		0.60	<0.0001	0.82
Isoxanthopterin	1.6	0.74		0.77		0.71		0.92
Tyrosine-betaxanthin	2.6	0.38		0.41	<0.0001	0.34	<0.0001	0.83
Estrone^*	1.4	0.78		0.79		0.78		0.98
Glycocholic acid 3-glucuronide	1.7	5.18		5.37		5.30		0.99
Taurohyocholate^*	1.5	119.52		119.94		150.74		1.26
Cortolone-3-glucuronide	2.5	0.36		0.44	<0.0001	0.24	<0.0001	0.54
Tetrahydroaldosterone-3-glucuronide	2.6	0.31		0.37	<0.0001	0.22	<0.0001	0.58
11-Beta-hydroxyandrosterone-3-glucuronide	2.4	0.38		0.44	<0.0001	0.31	<0.0001	0.70
N-Acetyl-leukotriene E4	2.6	0.12		0.13	<0.0001	0.08	<0.0001	0.60
11-Oxo-androsterone glucuronide	2.3	0.25		0.29	<0.0001	0.19	<0.0001	0.67
Glycocholate^*	1.9	12.72		12.57		16.45	<0.0001	1.31
Dehydroepiandrosterone 3-glucuronide	2.4	0.29		0.33	<0.0001	0.20	<0.0001	0.60
Androsterone sulfate	2.5	0.01		0.00	<0.0001	0.02	<0.0001	234.20
Testosterone sulfate	2.3	0.21		0.21	<0.0001	0.19	<0.0001	0.90
Glycoursodeoxycholate^*	1.3	16.41		9.19		23.03		2.51
Androsterone glucuronide	3.1	0.27		0.31	<0.0001	0.19	<0.0001	0.62
17-hydroxyandrostane-3-glucuronide	2.9	0.27		0.31	<0.0001	0.20	<0.0001	0.67
Glycolithocholate 3-sulfate	2.9	0.04		0.06	<0.0001	0.01	<0.0001	0.12

Note: ^*Metabolites were verified by reference standards; ^avariable importance in the projection (VIP) was obtained from PLS-DA model with a threshold of 1.0; ^bfold change (FC) was obtained by comparing those metabolites in liver cirrhosis patients to controls; ^cP values were calculated from Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; ^dFC was obtained by comparing those metabolites in liver cirrhosis patients with TCM YX Zheng to controls; ^eFC was obtained by comparing those metabolites in liver cirrhosis patients with TCM SR Zheng to controls; ^fFC was obtained by comparing those metabolites in liver cirrhosis patients with TCM SR Zheng to TCM YX Zheng. FC with a value >1 indicates a relatively higher concentration present in liver cirrhosis patients or liver cirrhosis patients with TCM YX, SR Zheng while a value <1 means a relatively lower concentration as compared to the controls or TCM YX Zheng subgroup.