Partially Automated Method for Localizing Standardized Acupuncture Points on the Heads of Digital Human Models

Table 3

Descriptions of the locations of the anatomical acupuncture points and landmarks. These landmarks are additionally positioned for localization of the acupoints.

Acupoints/landmarks	Surface models	Description of the position for the landmark
GV15	Bone	In the depression superior to the spinous process of the second cervical vertebra (C2) on the posterior median line
GV16	Bone	Directly inferior to the external occipital protuberance
GV17	Bone	External occipital protuberance
GV25	Skin	Tip of the nose
GV26	Skin	Midpoint of the philtrum midline
GV27	Skin	Midpoint of the tubercle of the upper lip
GB1	Skin and bone	Outer canthus of the eye
GB2	Bone	Depression between the intertragic notch and the condylar process of the mandible
GB3	Bone	Depression superior to the midpoint of the zygomatic arch
GB7	Skin	Junction of the vertical line of the posterior border of the temple hairline and the horizontal line of the apex of the auricle
GB8	Skin	Directly superior to the auricular apex
GB9	Skin	Directly superior to the posterior border of the auricular root
GB12	Bone	Depression posteroinferior to the mastoid process
GB20	Bone	Inferior to the occipital bone, in the depression between the origins of the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles
ST1	Skin and bone	Between the eyeball and the infraorbital margin, directly inferior to the pupil
ST2	Bone	In the infraorbital foramen
ST3	Skin	Directly inferior to the pupil, at the same level as the inferior border of the ala of the nose
ST4	Skin	The angle of the mouth
ST5	Bone	Anterior to the angle of the mandible, in the depression anterior to the masseter attachment
ST6	Bone	Angle of the mandible
ST7	Bone	Depression between the midpoint of the inferior border of the zygomatic arch and the mandibular notch
TE17	Skin	Posterior to the ear lobe, in the depression anterior to the inferior end of the mastoid process
TE20	Skin	Auricular apex
TE21	Skin and bone	In the depression between the supratragic notch and the condylar process of the mandible
TE22	Skin	Anterior to the auricular root, posterior to the superficial temporal artery
TE23	Skin	In the depression at the lateral end of the eyebrow (it is superior to GB1)
BL1	Skin and bone	In the depression between the superomedial parts of the inner canthus of the eye and the medial wall of the orbit
BL2	Skin	In the depression at the medial end of the eyebrow
CV23	Bone	In the anterior region of the neck, superior to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, in the depression superior to the hyoid bone, on the anterior median line
CV24	Skin	In the depression in the center of the mentolabial sulcus
LI19	Skin	At the same level as the midpoint of the philtrum
LI20	Skin	In the nasolabial sulcus, at the same level as the midpoint of the lateral border of the ala of the nose
SI17	Bone	Posterior to the angle of the mandible, in the depression anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
SI18	Skin and bone	Inferior to the zygomatic bone, in the depression directly inferior to the outer canthus of the eye
Pupil	Skin	Center line of the pupil
Yintang	Skin	Midpoint between the eyebrows
TOP	Skin	Top of the head