Relationship between Health Insurance Status and the Pattern of Traditional Medicine Utilisation in Ghana

Table 1

(a) Background characteristics of study participants by health insurance status. (b) Medical/clinical characteristics of the study participants by health insurance status.

(a)

Variable	National health insurance status						value
	Insured		Uninsured		Total
		(71.6%)		(28.4%)		(%)
Age (years)
<20	5	(2.2)	4	(4.3)	9	(2.8)	0.618
20–29	56	(24.1)	28	(30.4)	84	(25.9)
30–39	59	(25.4)	18	(19.6)	77	(23.8)
40–49	44	(19.0)	15	(16.3)	59	(18.2)
50–59	32	(13.8)	14	(15.2)	46	(14.2)
≥60	36	(15.5)	13	(14.1)	49	(15.1)
Sex
Male	81	(34.9)	49	(53.3)	130	(40.1)	0.002
Female	151	(65.1)	43	(46.7)	194	(59.9)
Residential status
Urban	115	(49.6)	47	(51.1)	162	(50.0)	0.805
Rural	117	(50.4)	45	(48.9)	162	(50.0)
Marital status
Single	81	(34.9)	42	(45.7)	123	(38.0)	0.042
Married	151	(65.1)	50	(54.3)	201	(62.0)
Educational status
Never been to school	35	(15.1)	18	(19.6)	53	(16.4)	0.281
Basic education	115	(49.6)	39	(42.4)	154	(47.5)
Secondary	52	(22.4)	27	(29.3)	79	(24.4)
Tertiary	30	(12.9)	8	(8.7)	38	(11.7)
Educational status (partner)
Never been to school	23	(13.3)	12	(20.0)	35	(15.0)	0.585
Basic education	74	(42.8)	26	(43.3)	100	(42.9)
Secondary	57	(32.9)	16	(26.7)	73	(31.3)
Tertiary	19	(11.0)	6	(10.0)	25	(10.7)
Total	173	(100.0)	60	(100.0)	233	(100.0)
Religious background
ATR	5	(2.2)	3	(3.3)	8	(2.5)	0.190^a
Christianity	193	(83.2)	71	(77.2)	264	(81.5)
Islamic	28	(12.1)	11	(12.0)	39	(12.0)
Other	6	(2.6)	7	(7.6)	13	(4.0)
Employment status
Employed	197	(86.4)	79	(86.8)	276	(86.5)	0.923
Unemployed	31	(13.6)	12	(13.2)	43	(13.5)
Total	228	(100.0)	91	(100.0)	319	(100.0)
Nature of occupation
Trading	91	(39.2)	21	(22.8)	112	(34.6)	0.021
Farming	33	(14.2)	19	(20.7)	52	(16.0)
Government	34	(14.7)	9	(9.8)	43	(13.3)
Artisan	41	(17.7)	20	(21.7)	61	(18.8)
Schooling	7	(3.0)	6	(6.5)	13	(4.0)
Others	26	(11.2)	17	(18.5)	43	(13.3)
Working experience (years)
1–5	67	(32.8)	30	(37.5)	97	(34.2)	0.616
6–10	48	(23.5)	17	(21.3)	65	(22.9)
11–15	32	(15.7)	16	(20.0)	48	(16.9)
16–20	24	(11.8)	9	(11.3)	33	(11.6)
≥21	33	(16.2)	8	(10.0)	41	(14.4)
Total	204	(100.0)	80	(100.0)	284	(100.0)
Tribe/ethnicity
Akan	185	(79.7)	68	(73.9)	253	(78.1)	0.227^a
Ewe	8	(3.4)	9	(9.8)	17	(5.2)
Ga-Dangme	14	(6.0)	5	(5.4)	19	(5.9)
Mole-Dagbani	18	(7.8)	5	(5.4)	23	(7.1)
Guan	4	(1.7)	3	(3.3)	7	(2.2)
Gurma	3	(1.3)	2	(2.2)	5	(1.5)
Household size
<3	67	(28.9)	33	(35.9)	100	(30.9)	0.063
4–6	108	(46.6)	27	(29.3)	135	(41.7)
7–10	43	(18.5)	24	(26.1)	67	(20.7)
11–15	9	(3.9)	3	(3.3)	12	(3.7)
16–19	1	(0.4)	2	(2.2)	3	(0.9)
≥20	4	(1.7)	3	(3.3)	7	(2.2)
Household monthly income (GH¢)
≤100	51	(31.5)	25	(42.4)	76	(34.4)	0.273^a
101–300	62	(38.3)	18	(30.5)	80	(36.2)
301–500	28	(17.3)	12	(20.3)	40	(18.1)
501–1000	21	(13.0)	4	(6.8)	25	(11.3)
≥1001	0	(0.0)	0	(0.0)	0	(0.0)
Total	162	(100.0)	59	(100.0)	221	(100.0)

; ; ^aresult is based on FET.

(b)

Characteristic	National health insurance status						value
	Insured		Uninsured		Total
		(71.6%)		(28.4%)		(%)
Current health status
Poor	13	(5.6)	4	(4.4)	17	(5.3)	0.655
Satisfactory	40	(17.2)	14	(15.6)	54	(16.8)
Good	98	(42.2)	45	(50.0)	143	(44.4)
Very good	81	(34.9)	27	(30.0)	108	(33.5)
Total	232	(100.0)	90	(100.0)	322	(100.0)
Chronic disease
Yes	75	(32.6)	19	(22.6)	94	(29.9)	0.104
No	128	(55.7)	49	(58.3)	177	(56.4)
Do not know	27	(11.7)	16	(19.0)	43	(13.7)
Total	230	(100.0)	84	(100.0)	314	(100.0)
Efficacy of TRM
Poor	10	(4.3)	5	(5.4)	15	(4.6)	0.952
Satisfactory	24	(10.3)	15	(16.3)	39	(12.0)
Good	105	(45.3)	30	(32.6)	135	(41.7)
Very good	93	(40.1)	42	(45.7)	135	(41.7)
Safe use of TRM
Poor	10	(4.3)	8	(8.7)	18	(5.6)	0.912
Satisfactory	46	(19.8)	14	(15.2)	60	(18.5)
Good	115	(49.6)	47	(51.1)	162	(50.0)
Very good	61	(26.3)	23	(25.0)	84	(25.9)