The Effects of Tai Chi on Peripheral Somatosensation, Balance, and Fitness in Hispanic Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot and Feasibility Study
Table 3
Plantar pressure distribution during two-foot self-selected standing balance. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation. Normalized data is normalized to participant’s body mass. MTH = metatarsal head.
Pressure region
Referent group
Diabetic group baseline
Diabetic group after intervention
Intervention group Cohen’s
Total peak plantar pressure (kPa/cm2)
Peak plantar pressure right foot
Great toe
26.39 ± 15.86
48.63 ± 39.38
47.84 ± 36.83
0.121
1st MTH
61.00 ± 26.26
108.82 ± 56.62
90.38 ± 53.01
0.415
3rd MTH
93.00 ± 26.79
96.50 ± 56.42
89.25 ± 36.18
0.277
5th MTH
75.00 ± 51.79
68.75 ± 43.31
58.32 ± 36.39
0.127
Heel
160.00 ± 51.43
118.88 ± 52.20
117.38 ± 47.94
Peak plantar pressure left foot
Great toe
39.00 ± 19.29
47.38 ± 55.71
32.63 ± 31.15
0.421
1st MTH
56.00 ± 24.40
112.38 ± 77.77
103.38 ± 89.62
0.285
3rd MTH
93.00 ± 33.77
98.00 ± 49.23
89.00 ± 46.13
0.277
5th MTH
77.00 ± 42.26
59.13 ± 33.31
57.38 ± 26.48
0.158
Heel
157.00 ± 66.52
121.38 ± 48.31
119.75 ± 36.88
0.156
Normalized peak plantar pressure (kPa/cm2/kg)
Peak plantar pressure right foot
Great toe
0.33 ± 0.21
0.54 ± 0.34
0.57 ± 0.39
0.204
1st MTH
0.89 ± 0.38
1.43 ± 1.10
1.28 ± 1.01
0.278
3rd MTH
1.13 ± 0.28
1.20 ± 0.78
1.10 ± 0.52
0.287
5th MTH
1.00 ± 0.62
0.82 ± 0.49
0.70 ± 0.41
0.439
Heel
1.98 ± 0.59
1.39 ± 0.60
1.38 ± 0.61
0.111
Peak plantar pressure left foot
Great toe
0.47 ± 0.25
0.52 ± 0.55
0.39 ± 0.37
0.465
1st MTH
0.76 ± 0.34
1.53 ± 1.52
1.46 ± 1.98
0.060
3rd MTH
1.11 ± 0.27
1.17 ± 0.65
1.06 ± 0.62
0.255
5th MTH
0.84 ± 0.19
0.68 ± 0.34
0.68 ± 0.26
0.000
Heel
2.05 ± 0.82
1.42 ± 0.50
1.42 ± 0.40
0.000
Significant change between pre- and posttest for diabetic group ().
