Nonpharmacological Interventions for Pain Management in Paramedicine and the Emergency Setting: A Review of the Literature

Table 1

Intervention trials investigating the effect of TENS on pain.

Study	Design	Participants	Intervention	Outcomes
Barker et al., 2006 [11]	Randomized double-blinded	(all women) with acute pelvic pain	Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)	TENS: ↓pain, anxiety, heart rate, nausea, arteriolar vasoconstriction, and ↑ overall patient satisfaction
		True TENS (, 24.2 ± 5.1 years old)
		Sham TENS (, 26.3 ± 3.8 years old)
Lang et al., 2007 [12]	Randomized double-blinded	with acute posttraumatic hip pain	Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)	TENS: ↓pain, anxiety, and heart rate
		True TENS (, 82.2 ± 7 years old)
		Sham TENS (, 79 ± 14 years old)