Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos: A Systematic Pharmacology Review

Table 1

Antibacterial effects of Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae flos.

Variety	Part/compound	Antibacterial spectrum		Detection methods	References
Lonicerae japonicae flos	Water extract	Gram-positive bacteria	Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, pathogenic Streptococcosis of recurrent aphthous ulcer	Dilution-plate method (for minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]); filter paper method; agar diffusion method	[147–149]
		Gram-negative bacteria	Black-pigmented bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa P29, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli	Dilution-plate method (for MIC); replica plating method, elimination experiment; in vivo test; tube dilution method (for MIC); filter paper method	[19, 147, 148, 150]
		Fungi	Penicillium, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton schoenleinii, Ashland’s Grubyella variant Mongolia,  Concentric endodermophyton, Trichophyton interdigitalis, ToeTrichophyton, dog Microsporum, Ferruginous microsporum, Nocardia asteroides	Filter paper method; fungal inhibition test	[18, 148]
		Drug-resistant bacteria	MRSA, MRSH, MRSE, HLAR	Dilution-plate method (for MIC)	[22]
	Water extracting-alcohol precipitating solution	Gram-positive bacteria	Staphylococcus aureus	Microdilution checkerboard method	[151]
		Gram-negative bacteria	Salmonella, Escherichia coli	Microdilution checkerboard method	[151]
	Water extract and alcohol extract	Gram-positive bacteria	Streptococcus suis type 2	Microtubule-plate method	[152]
	Water-soluble polysaccharide	Gram-positive bacteria	Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus	Circular paper method and MIC detection	[16]
		Gram-negative bacteria	Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris	Circular paper method and MIC detection	[16]
		Fungi	Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger	Circular paper method and MIC detection	[16]
	Supercritical carbon dioxide extract	Gram-positive bacteria	Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus albus	Agar diffusion method and tube dilution method (for MIC)	[14]
		Gram-negative bacteria	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium
	Total isochlorogenic acid, total chlorogenic acid, total flavone, total iridoid glycoside	Gram-negative bacteria	Escherichia coli	Microcalorimetric method	[153]
	Chlorogenic acid	Gram-positive bacteria; Gram-negative bacteria	Sarcina lutea, Bacillus subtilis; Escherichia coli	Dilution method (for MIC)	[154]
Lonicerae flos	Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.; alcohol extract 70%	Gram-positive bacteria	Staphylococcus aureus	Agar dilution method (for MIC)	[23]
		Gram-negative bacteria	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
	Water extracting-alcohol precipitating solution of Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz.	Gram-positive bacteria	Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina, Bacillus subtilis	Disk agar diffusion method	[155]
		Gram-negative bacteria	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhi
	Water extract of Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz. plumule	Gram-positive bacteria	Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina micrococcus, Bacillus subtilis	Slip method	[25]
		Gram-negative bacteria	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhi
	Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz. components: phenolic acid (total chlorogenic acid), glycoside, flavonoid (total flavone), and volatile oil	Gram-positive bacteria	Staphylococcus aureus	Slip method	[29]
		Gram-negative bacteria	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
	Water extract of Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.	Gram-positive bacteria	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus pneumoniae	Punch method	[28]
		Gram-negative bacteria	Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella Typhimurium