Yoga for Risk Reduction of Metabolic Syndrome: Patient-Reported Outcomes from a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Table 2
Baseline characteristics of participants.
Participant
Total sample ()
HED alone ()
Yoga + HED ()
Age (Mean [SD])
58.1 (10.0)
57.6 (10.5)
58.6 (9.7)
Race ( [%])
Non-Hispanic White
52 (78.8)
26 (78.8)
26 (78.8)
Non-Hispanic Black
12 (18.2)
7 (21.2)
5 (15.2)
Hispanic
2 (3.0)
0
2 (6.0)
Sex ( [%])
Male
33 (50.0)
16 (48.5)
17 (51.5)
Female
33 (50.0)
17 (51.5)
16 (48.5)
Education ( [%])
High School or less
8 (12.1)
4 (12.1)
4 (12.1)
Some or 4-year college degree
32 (48.5)
19 (57.6)
13 (39.4)
More than a college degree
24 (36.4)
9 (27.3)
15 (45.5)
Biometrics (mean [SD])
Weight (kg)
99.8 (16.5)
102.7 (17.2)
96.8 (15.5)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
34.4 (5.7)
35.5 (6.0)
33.2 (5.2)
Waist
110.6 (12.2)
112.7 (12.8)
108.5 (11.3)
Blood pressure systolic (mm/Hg)
129.2 (13.1)
129.8 (11.7)
128.7 (14.6)
Blood pressure diastolic (mm/Hg)
76.9 (9.8)
77.4 (9.2)
76.4 (10.4)
HOMA-insulin resistance
2.0 (1.0)
2.1 (1.1)
1.9 (0.9)
Patient-reported constructs (mean [SD])
Perceived stress (PSS)
12.6 (7.0)
12.1 (6.5)
13.2 (7.6)
Mood disturbance (POMS)
23.2 (15.7)
21.2 (15.0)
25.3 (16.3)
Health competence (PHCS)
27.3 (4.5)
27.3 (4.4)
27.3 (4.7)
Mindfulness (FFMQ)
144.1 (20.2)
144.9 (16.7)
143.2 (23.5)
Physical functioning (SF-36)
78.5 (18.8)
77.2 (22.4)
79.8 (14.4)
Role-physical (SF-36)
80.4 (33.8)
83.3 (30.4)
77.3 (37.2)
Role-emotional (SF-36)
81.5 (34.8)
84.9 (31.3)
78.1 (38.4)
Social functioning (SF-36)
88.7 (19.4)
87.9 (21.1)
89.5 (17.7)
Mental health (SF-36)
70.8 (12.4)
72.0 (10.3)
69.5 (14.1)
Energy/fatigue (SF-36)
57.1 (14.7)
60.0 (15.1)
54.1 (13.8)
General health perceptions (SF-36)
71.1 (15.2)
70.8 (16.1)
71.6 (14.4)
Note. HED: Health education; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; POMS: Profile of Mood States; PHCS: Perceived Health Competence Scale (PHCS); FFMQ: Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; SF-36: MOS Short-Form 36. Percentages that do not add up to 100 are due to missing data. were no significant differences by group as determined by -tests and chi-squared tests.
