Yoga for Risk Reduction of Metabolic Syndrome: Patient-Reported Outcomes from a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Table 3
Differences between and within groups over time.
Participant characteristics
HED alone baseline
HED alone after
Within group
Yoga + HED baseline
Yoga + HED after
Within group
Between groups difference
Between groups
Effect size ()
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Perceived Stress (PSS)
11.7 (6.5)
12.9 (9.4)
12.9 (7.7)
10.7 (7.5)
−3.3 (2.2)
0.032
Mood disturbance (POMS)
19.4 (12.6)
21.8 (15.9)
24.8 (17.1)
19.7 (17.1)
−7.5 (4.5)
0.025
Health competence (PHCS)
27.5 (4.4)
29.9 (5.3)
27.3 (4.7)
30.7 (5.2)
1.1 (1.6)
0.009
Mindfulness (FFMQ)
146.4 (16.2)
146.2 (18.8)
143.1 (22.6)
146.9 (22.7)
5.8 (4.8)
0.008
Physical functioning (SF-36)
77.4 (23.1)
81.7 (19.2)
78.3 (14.4)
89.2 (11.9)
6.6 (5.3)
Role-physical (SF-36)
82.3 (31.1)
81.5 (37.6)
76.9 (36.6)
97.2 (8.0)
21.2 (11.1)
0.078
Role-emotional (SF-36)
86.0 (30.8)
83.9 (33.2)
80.25 (38.4)
93.8 (20.7)
15.7 (10.4)
Social functioning (SF-36)
89.5 (19.7)
88.7 (18.4)
89.4 (19.2)
94.4 (17.5)
5.9 (5.6)
Mental health (SF-36)
72.8 (10.1)
71.6 (12.1)
70.3 (14.8)
72.6 (14.8)
3.5 (3.0)
0.016
Energy/fatigue (SF-36)
60.0 (15.4)
61.5 (15.4)
54.4 (14.5)
64.8 (14.6)
8.9 (4.3)
0.040
General health perceptions (SF-36)
71.94 (15.8)
71.94 (17.8)
73.0 (13.2)
81.9 (11.8)
8.9 (4.2)
0.107
Note. HED: health education. Mean values shown for participants with complete data at both time points (Yoga + HED ’s = 27-28; HED ’s = 30-31); PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; POMS: Profile of Mood States; PHCS: Perceived Health Competence Scale (PHCS); FFMQ: Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; SF-36: MOS Short-Form 36. with consideration of significant homogeneity of regression test results. standard deviation of the sample mean. ; .
