Morphine Antidependence of Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz in Neurotransmission Processes In Vitro

Figure 2

Expression of α-synuclein for pre- and cotreatment of morphine. The bar chart shows the percentage of altered α-synuclein over control for pre- and cotreatments of morphine. Increased level of α-synuclein in the morphine-treated cell, significant to control (), was downregulated by methadone and all doses of E. cuneatum. The effects of methadone and E. cuneatum were significant to morphine treatment (), while comparable to the control. Three independent experiments were carried out and the data represent the mean percentage of over control ± SEM. Statistical analysis was carried out using Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. versus control. (EC: E. cuneatum; 0.1 = 0.1 μg/mL; 0.5 = 0.5 μg/mL; 1.0 = 1.0 μg/mL.)