Morphine Antidependence of Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz in Neurotransmission Processes In Vitro

Figure 3

Expression of calmodulin for pre- and cotreatments of morphine. The bar chart shows the percentage of affected expression of calmodulin over control for pre- and cotreatments of morphine. The upregulation of calmodulin prior to morphine treatment was significant to control (). The stimulated expression of calmodulin was observed to be normalised by methadone and E. cuneatum. The downregulated level of calmodulin influenced by methadone and E. cuneatum was significant to morphine (), while it was comparable to control. Three independent experiments were carried out and the data represent the mean percentage of over control ± SEM. Statistical analysis was carried out using Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. versus control. (EC: E. cuneatum; 0.1 = 0.1 μg/mL; 0.5 = 0.5 μg/mL; 1.0 = 1.0 μg/mL.)