Effects of Ving Tsun Chinese Martial Art Training on Upper Extremity Muscle Strength and Eye-Hand Coordination in Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Pilot Study
Table 3
Outcome measurements.
Ving Tsun group ()
Control group ()
Time effect
Group effect
Time × group effect
Pretest
Posttest
Pretest
Posttest
Eye-hand coordination
Reaction time, ms
341.46 ± 65.25
351.36 ± 67.87
399.34 ± 95.78
378.11 ± 70.49
11.489
0.002
0.006
0.941
0.006
0.941
Movement time, ms
439.61 ± 109.43
458.71 ± 93.48
532.45 ± 222.43
532.93 ± 226.15
2.502
0.122
0.240
0.627
0.003
0.957
Accuracy, mm
5.19 ± 5.88
3.77 ± 1.18
4.55 ± 2.12
4.55 ± 2.13
0.421
0.520
0.001
0.978
1.148
0.291
Shoulder flexor muscle strength
Peak force, kg
6.97 ± 2.58
5.82 ± 1.71
5.64 ± 1.79
4.57 ± 1.63
1.305
0.260
2.471
0.124
0.832
0.367
Time to peak force, s
2.60 ± 0.51
2.39 ± 0.65
2.25 ± 0.68
2.26 ± 0.74
0.004
0.951
2.229
0.144
0.441
0.511
Elbow extensor muscle strength
Peak force, kg
4.81 ± 2.12
5.48 ± 1.99
4.44 ± 1.37
4.06 ± 1.73
8.096
0.007
1.223
0.276
3.226
0.080
Time to peak force, s
2.52 ± 0.52
2.27 ± 0.69
2.46 ± 0.61
2.59 ± 0.56
1.631
0.209
0.378
0.543
4.908
0.033
Mean ± standard deviation presented unless indicated otherwise. .