Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used in the Management of HIV/AIDS-Related Diseases in Livingstone, Southern Province, Zambia

Table 1

Plants used to manage HIV/AIDS related diseases in Livingstone, Southern Province, Zambia.

Family	Botanical name	Vernacular name	Growth form	Frequency index, voucher number	Diseases treated	Plant parts used, preparation, and mode of administration
Acanthaceae	Barleria kirkii T. Anderson	Chavani	Herb	13.3, L144	HIV/AIDS	Leaf decoction is drank
Amaranthaceae	Achyranthes aspera L.	Tantajulo	Herb	20.0, L186	Cancer, pneumonia, cough, diarrhoea, fungal infections of the skin, genital warts	Root infusion or whole plant decoction is drank; paste of plant is applied to skin
Anacardiaceae	Lannea stuhlmannii (Engl.) Eyles	Mungangacha, Mucheche	Tree	83.3, L245	Gonorrhoea, syphilis, herpes zoster, herpes; simplex, skin infections, HIV/AIDS	Crushed leaves or roots are boiled in water, decoction is drank; stem bark decoction is used to wash affected skin
Anacardiaceae	Lannea discolor (Sond.) Engl.	Mungongwa	Tree	50.0, L235	Diarrhoea, gonorrhoea	Fruit pulp eaten to relieve diarrhoea; root infusion drank to relieve gonorrhoea
Annonaceae	Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verdc.	Muchinga	Shrub	20.0, L216	Skin rashes	Pounded leaves rubbed into skin
Annonaceae	Artabotrys brachypetalus Benth.	Mulandabala	Climber	13.3, L230	Skin infections	Crushed leaves rubbed into skin
Apiaceae	Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst.	Mupelewa	Tree	60.0, L113	Headache	Root decoction is drank
Arecaceae	Hyphaene petersiana Klotzsch ex Mart.	Kakunka, Mapokwe	Tree	20.0, L217	Malaria, cough, tuberculosis, skin rashes, sores related to STIs	Palm fruit is eaten raw or boiled to treat malaria and cough; seeds are used to treat TB; sap is applied to heal skin rashes and STIs
Asclepiadaceae	Fockea angustifolia K. Schum.	Mutindika, Nanyama	Herb	83.3, L210	Cough	Tuber is eaten raw
Asparagaceae	Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop	Mutandamyoba	Climber	50.0, L207	Eczema	Whole plant is crushed and rubbed into affected skin
Asparagaceae	Sansevieria deserti N. E. Br.	Musombo, Mukonje	Herb	13.3, L360	Oral infections	Leaves are chewed and then spitted
Asparagaceae	Asparagus racemosus Willd.	Mutandamyoba, Ilutwa	Climber	20.0, L433	Pneumonia, cough, diarrhoea, syphilis	Whole plant is boiled; decoction is drank
Asteraceae	Vernonia amygdalina Delile	Musoboyo	Shrub	83.3, L481	Coughs, tuberculosis, malaria	Leaves are boiled; decoction is drank
Bignoniaceae	Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.	Muzungula	Tree	83.3, L485	Syphilis, herpes simplex, diarrhoea, boils, colds, flu	Stem bark and leaves are boiled
Burseraceae	Commiphora mollis Engl.	Muntyokela	Tree	50.0, L312	Treats swollen pancreas in patients on antiretroviral therapy	Stem bark is crushed and boiled; decoction is drank
Capparaceae	Boscia salicifolia Oliv.	Mulaba, Kabombwe	Tree	70.0, L406	Syphilis, HIV/AIDS	Roots are ground and left in water; infusion is drank
Capparaceae	Capparis tomentosa Lam.	Chonswe	Shrub	20.0, L329	Syphilis rashes; HIV/AIDS; cryptococcal meningitis, oral candidiasis, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, chronic diarrhoea	Roots are crushed and boiled and decoction is drank; crushed leaves are applied to sores or soaked in water used to wash the mouth
Capparaceae	Cleome hirta Oliv.	Mulangazuba, Kalungukachisiungwa	Herb	13.3, L303	Pneumonia, tuberculosis, fungal infection of the skin, malaria	Leaf infusion is drunk
Celastraceae	Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell	Mukuba	Shrub	50.0, LV235	Tuberculosis	Leaves are crushed and soaked in water; infusion is drank
Celastraceae	Hippocratea africana Loes. ex Engl.	Mulele	Climber	60.0, LV280	Malaria	Root decoction is drunk
Chrysobalanaceae	Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth.	Mubulabula, Mula	Tree	13.3, LV245	Toothache, diarrhoea	Fruit eaten raw
Clusiaceae	Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson	Mutungwa, Mukwanaga	Tree	83.3, LV226	Cryptococcal meningitis, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, skin rashes Tuberculosis chronic diarrhoea	Fruit eaten raw or in porridge
Combretaceae	Combretum collinum Fresen.	Mukunza, Mulamana	Tree	43.3, LV187	Chronic diarrhoea, tuberculosis, cough	Roots are crushed and soaked in water overnight; filtrate is drank
Combretaceae	Combretum imberbe Wawra	Mubimba, Muzwili	Tree	83.3, LV238	General STIs, tuberculosis	Stem bark is crushed and soaked in water overnight; filtrate is drank
Combretaceae	Combretum apiculatum Sond.	Mukalanga, Kalanga, Nkalanga	Tree	50.0, LV220	General STI syndromes; tuberculosis	Stem bark is crushed and soaked in water overnight; filtrate is drank
Combretaceae	Combretum elaeagnoides Klotzsch	Mukalanga, Mukupo	Tree	30.0, L576	Malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhoea	Fresh leaves are crushed and soaked in water overnight; filtrate is drank
Combretaceae	Combretum hereroense Schinz	Namazubo	Tree	53.3, L437	Gonorrhoea	Roots are crushed and soaked in water overnight; filtrate is drank
Combretaceae	Terminalia prunioides M. A. Lawson	Mutala, Mukonono, Mulumbu	Tree	83.3, L247	Gonorrhoea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS	Outer parts of roots are dried, crushed, and mixed with water overnight; infusion is drank
Combretaceae	Combretum mossambicense Engl.	Numinambelele, Silutombolwa, Mutombololo	Climber	36.7, LV475	Gonorrhoea, syphilis	Fresh leaves are crushed and soaked in water overnight; filtrate is taken orally
Combretaceae	Combretum paniculatum Vent.	Mutombolo	Shrub	50.0, L322	Malaria, diarrhoea	Leaves are pounded and soaked in water; infusion is drank
Connaraceae	Byrsocarpus orientalis Baill.	Kazingini	Shrub	13.3, L521	Skin abscesses and boils	Young stems are cut and boiled, and decoction is applied to skin
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea cochleari-apiculata De Wild.	Mpama	Climber	13.3, L511	Syphilitic sores, chancroid	Root decoction drank
Ebenaceae	Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC.	Mchenja	Tree	83.3, L109	Malaria	Crushed roots are boiled; filtrate is drank
Ebenaceae	Diospyros quiloensis (Hiern) F. White	Musiaabwele	Tree	50.0, LV339	Gonorrhoea, syphilis, malaria	Crushed stem bark is boiled; filtrate is drank
Ebenaceae	Euclea divinorum Hiern	Munyansyabweli	Tree	20.0, LV140	Syphilis, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, oral candidiasis, abscesses, diarrhoea	Roots are ground and boiled in water and decoction is taken orally
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum zambesiacum N. Robson	Mubalubalu	Tree	16.7, LV277	Malaria, headache	Roots are cut into small pieces and boiled, and decoction is administered orally
Euphorbiaceae	Croton gratissimus Burch.	Mungai, Kanunkila Mpati	Tree	66.7, LV399	Syphilis	Stem bark is boiled; decoction is drank and used to wash sores
Euphorbiaceae	Croton megalobotrys Müll. Arg.	Mutua, Mutuatua	Tree	60.0, S149	Gonorrhoea	Leaves are boiled and decoction is drank
Euphorbiaceae	Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax	Mukunyu	Tree	23.3, S108	Diarrhoea, pneumonia	Stem bark decoction is drank
Euphorbiaceae	Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol.	Munyanyamenda	Shrub	13.3, S154	Oral infections, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, malaria	Leaves and fruits are chewed raw to act as mouthwash; stem bark infusion is drank
Euphorbiaceae	Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G. L. Webster	Mulyankanga	Shrub	16.7, S119	Skin rashes and sores; headache	Stem bark
Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus reticulatus Lodd.	Mwichechele	Shrub	26.7, S260	Herpes simplex	Crushed leaves are rubbed to affected areas of skin
Fabaceae	Acacia albida Delile	Musangu, Muunga	Tree	50.0, S100	Syphilis sores, herpes zoster	Crushed leaves and stem bark are applied to heal sores
Fabaceae	Acacia nigrescens Oliv.	Mwabaa, Mukwena	Tree	60.0, S78	Herpes zoster	Leaves and stem bark are boiled, decoction used to
Fabaceae	Acacia polyacantha Willd.	Mumbu, Mukotokoto, Luntwele	Tree	50.0, S63	Gonorrhoea, herpes zoster	Leaves and stem bark are crushed and boiled; decoction is drank or used to wash affected skin
Fabaceae	Afzelia quanzensis Welw.	Mupapa, Mukamba	Tree	76.7, S27	General STIs	Leaves are pounded and soaked in water overnight and then drank
Fabaceae	Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin	Kankumbwila,Mukangola	Tree	60.0, S44	Gonorrhoea, diarrhoea	Stem bark infusion is drank
Fabaceae	Lonchocarpus capassa Rolfe	Mukololo	Tree	13.3, S31	Gonorrhoea, cough	Stem bark and leaves are mixed, crushed, soaked in water, and filtered and infusion is drank
Fabaceae	Peltophorum africanum Sond.	Muzenzenze	Tree	83.3, K203	General STIs, oral infections	Roots are soaked in water and infusion is drank to treat STIs; leaves are crushed and soaked in water; infusion is used to wash mouth
Fabaceae	Pterocarpus antunesii Harms	Mukambo	Tree	26.7, K166	Diarrhoea	Stem bark infusion is drank
Fabaceae	Acacia goetzei Harms	Mwaba	Tree	46.7, K88	Cough, pneumonia	Root decoction is drank
Fabaceae	Acacia nilotica Delile	Mukoka	Tree	66.7, K56	Tuberculosis, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, dental caries	Twigs used as chewing sticks to treat dental caries
Fabaceae	Cassia abbreviata Oliv.	Mululwe	Tree	83.3, K39	Gonorrhoea, diarrhoea	Root infusion is drank
Fabaceae	Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.	Musonkomo	Shrub	13.3, K17	Diarrhoea	Root decoction is drank
Fabaceae	Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh.	Musekese	Tree	60.0, K12	Coughs, skin rashes, gonorrhoea, syphilis	Stem bark and roots are boiled; decoction is drank to heal coughs and STIs; leaf infusion is used to wash infected skin
Fabaceae	Acacia ataxacantha DC.	Lubamfwa	Shrub	50.0, K60	Gonorrhoea, syphilis	Roots are boiled and decoction is drank
Fabaceae	Acacia schweinfurthii Brenan & Exell	Lubua, Mokoka	Shrub	33.3, L34	Gonorrhoea, syphilis	Roots, stem bark, and leaves are mixed, pounded, and soaked in water and infusion is drank
Fabaceae	Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.	Katenge, Mugee	Shrub	66.7, L79	Gonorrhoea, syphilis; oral candidiasis, and skin rashes	Stem bark is boiled and decoction is drank, used to wash oral cavity, or used to disinfect skin by washing
Fabaceae	Mimosa pigra L.	Muchabachaba, Sichatubabi	Shrubs	83.3, L56	Diarrhoea, genital ulcers, gonorrhoea	Leaves and small and young stems are dried, pounded into powder, mixed with water, and filtered and extract is drank or used to wash genital ulcers
Fabaceae	Sesbania sesban Britton	Mbelembele	Shrub	13.3, L77	Malaria	Roots are boiled and decoction is administered orally
Fabaceae	Indigofera colutea (Burm. f.) Merr.	Kapalupalu	Herb	13.3, L59	Diarrhoea	Whole plant is pounded, soaked in water overnight, and filtered, and infusion is drank to alleviate diarrhoea
Fabaceae	Abrus precatorius L.	Musolosolo	Climber	60.0, KC280	Gonorrhoea, syphilitic ulcers, genital herpes; oral candidiasis, ulcer boils	Whole plant is crushed, boiled in water, and filtered; decoction is drank; crushed leaves soaked in water and used to wash mouth and syphilitic ulcers
Fabaceae	Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.	Muyuyu	Climber	20.0, KC245	Weight loss, lack of libido in men	Pods and beans are boiled and consumed for body building and to act as an aphrodisiac
Flacourtiaceae	Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.	Mutumbula	Shrub	13.3, KC350	Diarrhoea	Leaves chewed raw
Flacourtiaceae	Oncoba spinosa Forssk.	Mukumbuzu	Shrub	16.7, KC2	Dysentery	Roots and fruits are boiled and decoction is drunk
Kirkiaceae	Kirkia acuminata Oliv.	Musanta, Muzumina	Tree	13.3, KC18	Diarrhoea	Stem bark infusion is drank
Lamiaceae	Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr.	Mfudu, Muyankonga	Tree	30.0, KC36	Coughs	Fruit eaten raw or leaves burnt and smoke inhaled as cough medicine
Lamiaceae	Hoslundia opposita Vahl	Musombwani	Shrub	60.0, KC48	Coughs, flu, fever, loss of libido in men; skin wounds	Roots are boiled and decoction is drunk; sugary fruits are eaten raw to boost libido; crushed leaves are rubbed into skin to heal wounds
Lamiaceae	Premna senensis Klotzsch	Mumpika	Shrub	13.3, KC360	Syphilitic sores, skin ulcers	Leaf infusions applied to sores
Lamiaceae	Vitex petersiana Klotzsch	Mufulibulimbo, Mukoma	Shrub	23.3, KC312	Gonorrhoea	Leaf decoction is drank to treat gonorrhoea;
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Schumach.	Shamanya	Herb	60.0, L402	Gonorrhoea, erectile dysfunction, pneumonia, diarrhoea	Leaf and root decoctions drunk
Loganiaceae	Strychnos potatorum L. f.	Musisilombe	Tree	40.0, KC464	Syphilis	Infusions of leaves are drank
Loganiaceae	Strychnos innocua Delile	Mutimi, Muhuluhulu, Mwabo	Tree	20.0, KC216	Gonorrhoea, sore throat	Eat fruit pulp
Malvaceae	Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc.	Makole, Munego	Tree	60.0, KC143	Malaria	Eat raw fruit, cook, and eat as relish
Malvaceae	Sida alba L.	Mulyangombe, Babani	Shrub	20.0, KC525	Gonorrhoea	Roots and leaves are boiled; decoction is drank
Malvaceae	Hibiscus vitifolius L.	Mubaluba	Herb		Chronic diarrhoea	Leaves are boiled and filtered through wire sieve and decoction is drank
Meliaceae	Khaya nyasica Stapf ex Baker f.	Mululu	Tree	43.3, KC113	Fever	Stem bark infusion is drank
Meliaceae	Trichilia emetica Vahl	Musikili	Tree	56.7, KC217	Fever, pneumonia; skin rashes	Root decoction is drunk; leaves rubbed onto skin
Menispermaceae	Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich.	Itende	Climber	73.3, KC210	Syphilis, chancroid	Whole plant is cut into small pieces and boiled and decoction is drank after filtering
Moraceae	Ficus capensis Hort. Berol. ex Kunth & C. D. Bouché	Mukuyu	Tree	60.0, KC207	Diarrhoea, tuberculosis, skin sores, genital warts	Fresh leaves are boiled in water and decoction is drank or used to wash warts and skin sores
Moraceae	Ficus sycomorus L.	Mukuyu	Tree	76.7, KC360	Cough, tuberculosis, periodontitis, and oral candidiasis	Fresh leaves are boiled in water and decoction is drank or used to wash the mouth
Myrtaceae	Syzygium cordatum Hochst.	Katope	Tree	83.3, KC433	Diarrhoea	Stem bark decoction is drunk
Myrtaceae	Syzygium guineense DC.	Mutoya, Katope	Tree	83.3, KC481	Abscesses, skin rashes, diarrhoea	Fruits eaten raw; stem decoction applied to affected skin
Olacaceae	Ximenia americana L.	Munchovwa, Muchonfwa	Tree	83.3, KC318	Candidiasis, malaria, throat infection, tonsillitis, gonorrhoea, diarrhoea, skin rashes	Roots, leaves, and fruits are crushed while fresh and mixed with water overnight and taken orally
Pedaliaceae	Sesamum angolense Welw.	Bwengo	Herb	13.3, KC267	Skin rashes	Leaves are crushed and used as soap to bath skin
Plumbaginaceae	Plumbago zeylanica L.	Sikalutenta	Shrub	83.3, KC318	Generally treats all STI symptoms	Root infusion is drank
Ranunculaceae	Clematis brachiata Ker Gawl.	Kalatongo	Climber	20.0, KC354	Coughs, headache, fever	Leaves are boiled and drunk as a tea; sometimes honey is added as a sweetener
Rhamnaceae	Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl.	Mwiiyi, Mwinji	Tree	60.0, KC235	Cough	Use fruit in porridge
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.	Masawu, Masawu	Tree	40.0, KC226	Gonorrhoea, syphilis	Fruit eaten raw, apply to wound, and put into porridge
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus mucronata Willd.	Muchechete, Mwichechete	Tree	83.3, KC144	Gonorrhoea, syphilis, boils, pneumonia, cough	Root or leaf infusion is drank
Sapotaceae	Mimusops zeyheri Sond.	Mukalanjoni	Tree	40.0, KC120	Oral candidiasis	Fruit is eaten or root infusion is used as a mouthwash
Tiliaceae	Grewia flavescens Juss.	Namulomo, Mukunyukunyu	Shrub	40.0, KC199	Diarrhoea	Eat fruit pulp to relieve diarrhoea
Tiliaceae	Corchorus tridens L.	Delele	Herb	13.3, KC101	Syphilitic ulcers, chancroid	Root infusion drank or applied to ulcers
Vitaceae	Cissus quadrangularis L.	Mulungalunga, Chamulungelunge	Climber	40.0, KC78	Malaria, gonorrhoea	Sap is drank; whole plant infusion is drank