Establishing Natural Nootropics: Recent Molecular Enhancement Influenced by Natural Nootropic

Figure 3

Ginkgo biloba. The plant is classified under the family of Ginkgoaceae, the only species in the division of Ginkgophyta. With 40 m in height, this tree is characterised by the fan-shaped leaves composed of more than two distinct lobes (a). Ginkgolide A, R¹=H; R²=H; R³=OH, Ginkgolide B, R¹=OH; R²=H; R³=OH, Ginkgolide C, R¹=OH; R²=OH; R³=OH, Ginkgolide J, R¹=H; R²=OH; R³=OH, Ginkgolide M, R¹=OH; R²=OH; R³=H (b) [129].

(a)

(b)