Model group showed disoriented lobule, macrosteatosis, hepatocyte necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration. Treatment group reduced ALT, AST and P450 2E1, TNFα, and IL-6. Increased HO-1. Inhibited alpha-SMA, TGF-β1, and Col I and Col III.
9.3 g AIN-93MX, 2.6 g AIN-93VX, 0.5 g choline bitartrate, 1.1 g DL-methionine, 57.5 g lactalbumin hydrolysate, 117.5 g dextrose, 36.6 mL fish oil, and 4.5 g suspending agent K
12 wk
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides
Reduced lipid droplet accumulation, inflammatory cells infiltration, and hepatocyte necrosis as observed in model group. Reduced phosphorylation of TGF-β1 and α-SMA. Decreased SREBP-1c and PPARγ2, but reduced ATGL and adiponectin; restored antioxidant enzymes; reduced NF-κB, p-p38 MAPK, and enhanced autophagy.
45 kcal% fat, 20 kcal% protein, and 35 kcal% carbohydrate
16 wk
Garcinia cambogia supplement
Increased collagen deposition in treatment group. Reduced obesity, but induced hepatic fibrosis (inflammation TNF-α and MCP-1 and oxidative stress SOD, GSH-Px, and TBARS increased).
Axungia porci 10%, cholesterol 1.5%, and bile salt 0.5%
16 wk
Chaihu-Shugan-San and Shen-ling-bai-zhu-San
Model group showed microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis, lobular, and portal inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning while treatment group improved them. Decreased TNF-alpha and IL-6 in serum, inhibited TLR4, and activation of p38 MAPK.
21.9 kJ/g, 60% fat, 20% protein, and 20% carbohydrate
20 wk
Troxerutin
Decreased epididymal adipose tissue mass, lipid accumulation, and lipid levels in treatment group. Suppressed NAD (+) depletion, increased NAMPT, and decreased PARP1. Increased SirT1 and AMPK and inhibited mTORC1 and Lpin 1β/α.
60% of kcal as fat with an energy density of 5.24 kcal/g
24 wk
Crude extract of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide
Lowered TC, LDL, TG, and DAG levels. Induced phosphorylation of AMPK, reduced nuclear expression of SREBP-1c, and increased UCP1 and PGC-1 alpha in adipose tissue.
Steatotic and enlarged hepatocytes (model group); reduced lipid accumulation (treatment group). Reduced ALT, TC, LDL, and TG level in treatment group and improved insulin resistant. Suppressed SREBP-1c and LXR; inhibited T-BET, and enhanced GATA-3 and pSTAT3.
Model group showed adipose degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatment group reduced TG, TC, ALT, AST, and MDA level while increased SOD and GPX. Reduced TNFα.
High fat diet (10% lard and 2% cholesterol) + CCl4
8 wk
Dangyao (Swertia pseudochinensis Hara) and Shuifeiji (Silybum marianum Gaertn.)
Ameliorated hepatosteatosis lobules ballooning degeneration and inflammatory infiltration as observed in model group. Reduced ALT, AST, TAG, and MDA. Increased UCP2.
Blocked hepatic steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, and Mallory-Denk bodies. Reduced ALT, AST, and TG levels. Induced adiponectin and its receptors, increased PPAR-α and PPAR-γ, and decreased SREBP-1c; reduced IR by phosphorylated Akt.