The Status of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Medicinal Plants and the Impacts of Resettlement in Delanta, Northwestern Wello, Northern Ethiopia

Table 1

TMPs used against human and livestock ailments and detailed information on methods of preparation. Description of data: Uf.: used for (L: livestock; H: human; Hl.: both), Cp.: condition of preparation (F: fresh; D: dried; and Fd.: fresh & dried), Ra.: route of administration (D: dermal, Op.: optical, N: nasal, O: oral, A: anal, and V: vaginal), and Pu.: plant parts used (R: root, S: stem, Sb.: stem bark, Rh.: rhizome, L: leaf, F: fruit, Fl.: flower, Se.: seed, B: bulbs, La.: latex, W: whole parts, and Ag.: abovegroufnd part).

Scientific name	Pu.	Uf.	Disease treated	Ra.	Cp.	Method of preparation and application of TMPs
Achyranthes aspera	L	H	Conjunctivitis	Op.	F	Pounded and squeezed leaf juice is filtered with cotton cloth and dropped into the eye
	L	H	Impetigo (Kunchir)	D	F	Crushed leaf is bandaged on the wound
	R	H	Hemorrhage at birth	O	F	Pounded and squeezed leaf is filtered with water to be drunk in a half size of water cup
	R	Hl.	Bleeding of any part	D	F	It is crushed and then dressed on the bleeding part of livestock and human
Aeonium leucoblepharum	L	H	Emergency (trauma)	D	F	Crushed leaf juice is creamed on head and face or any parts that felt sickness
Ajuga integrifolia	L	H	Tonsillitis	O	F	Pounded and squeezed leaf juice is drunk with a coffee glass
Allium cepa	B	L	Leech infestation	N	Fd.	It is crushed and mixed with water and poured into the nose in both openings
	B	H	Leech infestation	O	Fd.	It is crushed and mixed with water and then poured orally
Allium sativum	B	H	Influenza virus	N	F	The bulb is peeled and the aroma sniffed
	B	H	Dry cough	O	Fd.	The bulb is chopped and mixed with ground seed of Guizotia abyssinica and Nigella sativa powder form of Thymus schimperi and crushed Zingiber officinale is drunk continuously
	B	H	Evil eye	D/N	F	Its bulb with the roots of Withania somnifera, Lobelia giberroa, Sida schimperiana, Carissa spinarum, Dodonaea angustifolia, Verbena officinalis, Capparis tomentosa, Croton macrostachyus, Verbasicum siniaticum, Jasminum grandiflorum, Ceratostigma abyssinicum, Clerodendrum myricoides, Ferula communis, Cyphostemma adenocaule, and Cucumis ficifolius and whole parts of Artemisia afra, Ruta chalepensis, and Lepidium sativum are crushed and the smoke on the burning firewood is sniffed; the powder form is tied on the neck
	B	H	Heartburn (Tkusat)	O	F	Chopped bulb is boiled in water and then the decoction is drunk in a tea glass
Aloe camperi	Fl.	H	Idiopathy (likift)	D	F	It is cooked with chopped root of Impatiens rothii and flower of Buddleja polystachya and then the irritated feet and fingers are immersed in the cooker for three consecutive days
	L		Evil spirit at birth	N	D	It is placed on burning dung with Otostegia integrifolia and fumigated the house and is inhaled
Aloe pulcherrima	La.	Hl.	Wound (irritation)	D	F	It is pasted the latex on the wounded part of livestock and human
	R	L	Rh factor/disease	O	D	It is pounded with the root of Eleusine floccifolia, Asparagus africanus, Verbscum sinaiticum, Trajia cinerea, Ferula communis, bark of Myrica salicifolia, and seed of Sesamum orientale with pestle and mortar and eaten with Injera for three consecutive days at 9th pregnancy month
	R	H	Rh factor/disease	O	D	It is powdered with Asparagus africanus and Sesamum orientale and then two teaspoons are taken with the same size infusion of honey for three days at ninth month of pregnancy period
Artemisia abyssinica	L	H	Common cold	N	F	The aroma of leaf is inhaled by inserting half part of it into nose
	S	H	Trachoma	Op.	F	The infected outer part of the eye is heated with roasted portion of stem
	W	H	Evil eye	O/D	Fd.	It is kept in pocket as tooth brush; the powder is tied with others like A. sativum
Arundo donax	Rh.	H	Birth control	O	D	Chopped and pounded rhizome is mixed with root of Verbena officinalis, powder form is homogenized in water, and one coffee glass is drunk once in the morning before breakfast
Asparagus africanus	Ag.	Hl.	Swelling (Agjil)	D	F	It is crushed and homogenized in water for washing the swelling by saying “Betin”
	R	Hl.	Rh factor/disease	O	D	It is pounded with the root of other species like A. pulcherrima
	Ag.	H	Circumcision	D	F	The young aboveground part is crushed and the injury is applied as cream with yolk of egg
Bersama abyssinica	L	H	Ascariasis	O	F	It is boiled in water with seed of Vicia faba for drinking the decoction; the cooked bean is eaten
Brassica nigra	Se.	L	Bloating	O	D	It is ground and homogenized in residue of traditional ale with Lepidium sativum and decanted
	Se.	H	Abortion of unborn child (Atnt Kirit)	O	D	It is ground and homogenized in a cup of water and then drunk by pregnant woman
Buddleja polystachya	F	H	Idiopathy	D	F	Its flowers are cooked with crushed root of Impatiens rothii, same as A. camperi
Caesalpinia decapetala	L	H	Tinea favus (Lashign)	D	D	Crushed and powdered leaf is mixed with butter and then the infected head part is creamed
Calotropis procera	La.	H	Hemorrhoids/tumor (swollen anal veins)	A	F	Its latex is used alone or mixed with Euphorbia polycantha, Ficus palmata, Aloe pulcherrima, Lobelia giberroa,and squeezed leaf of Clematis semensis and is creamed
	La.	H	Piercing by sharper	D	F	The latex is applied as cream on part pierced by sharpen material with the help of needle
	L	H	Boils (furuncle)	D	D	Crushed and powdered leaf is applied as cream with latex of A. pulcherrima on inflamed part
Calpurnia aurea	L	L	Body lice (kijamr)	D	F	Its leaf is crushed and stirred in water to wash cattle or calves until removal of lice
	Se.	H	Giardiasis and amoebiasis	O	D	The ground seed is mixed with honey and eaten with three-liter rubber lid size in the morning until recovery, before taking other diets
Capparis tomentosa	R/Sb.	H	Evil spirit (sickness)	N	D	The root or stem bark is chopped and placed on the fire and the smoke is inhaled
	R/Sb.	H	Epidemic	N	D	The same methods are used to treat evil spirit and hang the remainder on the roof
Capsicum annuum	F	H	Appetite loss	O	F	The pod is chopped and mixed with freshly A. sativum bulb in small amount of water in the bowls eaten with Injera
	F	H	Malaria (revival)	O	F	The same method is used to treat loss of appetite, prior to taking other diets in the morning
Carduus schimperi	R	H	Febrile illness	O/D	Fd.	It is pounded and squeezed by adding water and is taken by a cup of tea and the remnant is creamed
	R	L	Febrile illness	O/D	Fd.	It is pounded by adding water and is decanted by a cup of water and the remnant is pasted
	R	L	Dysentery (Mentie)	D	D	The room of sheep or goats is fumigated and the remnants are placed there against “Mentie”
Carissa spinarum	L	Hl.	Snake bite	O	F	The liquid is chewed and absorbed soon and for animals its crushed leaf is decanted
	L	H	Rh factor/disease	O	F	It is crushed and soaked in water for one day and drunk in one cup of coffee prior to 9th month of pregnancy period
	R	H	Evil eye	D/N	Fd.	It is the same as used in A. sativum
Carthamus lanatus	L	H	Sexual impotency in men	O	Fd.	It is crushed and pounded with the whole parts of Trajia cinerea and root of Hibiscus eriospermus, then stirred in local beer, and drunk in one cup of coffee until recovery
Catha edulis	L	H	Diuretic	O	F	It is boiled in the pot with water at night and the decoction is drunk in the morning
Ceratostigma abyssinicum	R	H	Evil eye	D/N	D	It is the same as used in A. sativum; the powder is tied in the neck with Abesha cloth and the remnant is inhaled through nose
Chenopodium schraderianum	Ag.	L	Coccoides (chicken lice)	D/N	D	Aboveground parts are chopped and the room of chickens is fumigated and the chickens themselves sniffed smokes nasally
Cistanche tubulosa	W	H	Fire accident	D	D	The whole parts are crushed and powdered and then the burnt part is creamed with butter
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle	F	H	Dandruff	D	F	The acetic fruit is pierced and squeezed and the head is creamed with yolk of egg
	F	H	Ringworm (Agogot)	D	F	It is pierced and squeezed; then the affected parts are creamed alone specially faces
Clematis simensis	L	H	Impetigo (Kunchir)	D	F	The leaf is crushed and squeezed and the affected part is creamed with powder of Triticum spp.
Clerodendrum myricoides	R	H	Evil eye	D/N	D	It is the same as used in A. sativum; the powder is tied in the neck with Abesha cloth and the remnant is inhaled through nose
Clutia abyssinica	L	L	Leech infestation	N	F	The crushed leaf is soaked in water and decanted into cattle through their nose
Colutea abyssinica	S	H	Toothache	D	F	Affected tooth is heated by chopped and roasted stem without contact with other parts
	R	H	Emergency (Berar)	O	Fd.	It is crushed and pounded with the root of Inula confertiflora and the concoction is drunk with coffee; the roots are dug by hoes with stick of Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata on Friday
Combretum molle	L	H	Malaria	O	F	Fresh leaf is boiled in water and the decoction is drunk in a cup of tea
Conyza hypoleuca	R	L	Emaciation	O	Fd.	Its root is crushed together with root of Inula confertiflora, Echnops hispidus, and the leaf of Osyris quadripartita, Solanecio gigas, and whole Leucas martinicensis in new Lagenaria siceraria as a container with water for two to three days and the concoction is decanted
Coriandrum sativum	Se.	H	Stomachache (Alsha)	O	D	The raw seed is eaten with small amount of ground salt by the patient
Croton macrostachyus	Sb.	H	Ascariasis	O	F	It is chopped and boiled in water with seed of Vicia faba and the decoction is drunk and the boiled beans are eaten
	R	H	Evil spirit (Sickness)	N	D	It is chopped and placed on the fire with C. tomentosa and Withania somnifera and inhaled
	R	H	Evil eye	D	D	It is the same as used in A. sativum; crushed and powdered root is tied on the neck
	L	L	Poison insects on Sorghum (Akara)	O	F	It is crushed alone or with root of Cyphostemma adenocaula and String hermonthica is soaked in ale and decanted when cattle ate the leaf of Sorghum that contained poisoned insects
Cucumis ficifolia	R	H	Removal of retained placenta (Sing)	O	F	Freshly washed root is chewed and absorbed by woman
	L	Hl.	Eye injury (inserted materials or hit)	Op.	F	It is crushed and squeezed with the leaf of Jasminum grandiflorum by adding small amount of water and dropped to the affected eye and then applied as cream butter for 3 days at night and washed with water in the morning prior to exposure to sunlight
	R	H	Birth control	O	F	It is chewed and absorbed with ripe fruit of Solanum anguivi before sexual intercourse at the end of menstrual cycle
	R	H	Gonorrhea (Chebt)	O	D	In powder form, one teaspoon is infused into doro wot and then eaten by Injera
	R	Hl.	Rabies virus	O	D	Powdered root is mixed with cheese in one cup of tea and then drunk
	R	H	Jaundice (Yewuf)	O	D	Powdered root is mixed with cheese in one tea glass and then drunk
Cucurbita pepo	F	H	Gastritis (Cheguara)	O	F	Peeled fruit is boiled at night and eaten in the morning before taking other diets
	L	H	Dandruff (Forefor)	D	F	The head is rubbed and creamed alone or with the leaf of Datura stramonium
	F	H	Stomachache (kurtet)	O	F	Peeled and boiled fruit is eaten before taking other diets soon by mother at birth
Cyathula uncinulata	L	L	Leech infestation	N	F	Crushed leaf is mixed with small amount of water is poured to the cattle via their nose
	R	H	Tapeworm (Kosso)	O	Fd.	Crushed and pounded root is eaten with ale/beer of Hordeum vulgare before filtration with water, one cup of coffee, for three consecutive days
Cynoglossum coeruleum	W	H	Febrile illness (Mich)	D	F	The whole parts are crushed and infused in small amount of water and then the parts that felt illness are washed except chest
Cyphostemma adenocaula	R	L	Poison insects on Sorghum leaf	O	F	It is the same method of preparation and ingredients as used in C. macrostachyus
Datura stramonium	Se.	H	Toothache	D	D	Seeds mixed to butter are roasted on plate and inhaled the vapor air through opening their mouth
	L	H	Ringworm, dandruff	D	F	The fresh leaf is rubbed and applied as cream on the head like C. pepo
Debregeasia saeneb	L	H	Febrile illness	O/N	F	It is boiled in water and its decoction is drunk and then the vapor air is inhaled
Dodonaea angustifolia	S & L	Hl.	Bone fracture	D	Fd.	Powdered leaf is glued with its cracked stem on the broken bone with sap of A. pulcherrima
	R	H	Evil eye	D/N	D	It is crushed and powdered and tied on the neck and roots are inhaled with others same as A. sativum
Dyschoriste radicans	W	H	Scabies, itching, and injury of skin	D	Fd.	The whole parts are roasted with Kalanchoe petitiana and powdered and then the inflamed parts are creamed with butter until recovery but for itching with the leaf of Rhus retinorrhoea
	W	H	Wound (Sheft)	D	Fd.	It is crushed and pounded with leaf of Kalanchoe petitiana and pasted on the injured parts
Echinops hispidus	R & S	H	Febrile illness	O/D	Fd.	It is pounded and squeezed and soaked in water and is drunk by a cup of tea and all parts are creamed
	R & S	L	Sunstroke (Shiwuta)	O/D	Fd.	It is pounded and soaked in water by a cup of water and is decanted and the livestock is creamed
	R & S	L	Struck cattle	O/N	Fd.	It is pounded and infused in one cup of water and decanted, and fumigated the smoke for cattle
	R & S	H	Epidemic; evil eye	N	D	It is crushed and placed on the hot fire and inhaled by all householders
Ehretia cymosa	L	L	Leech infestation	N	F	Crushed leaf is soaked in water and the concoction decanted into the nose of cattle
Ekebergia capensis	R & Sb.	H	Gastritis, cough	O	D	In powder form, two teaspoons infusions into one cup of water are taken before meals
Eleusine floccifolia	R	L	Rh factor/disease	O	D	It is the same ingredient and preparation method of A. pulcherrima
Eucalyptus camaldulensis	L	H	Emergency illness	N	F	The leaf is roasted with the seed of Lepidium sativum on the heated tool and the smoke is inhaled by adding cool water on the roasted leaf and at the same time the eye is closed
Eucalyptus globulus	L	H	Headache	N	F	It is rubbed and its aroma inhaled
	L	H	Common cold	N	F	It is rubbed and its aroma inhaled without calling its name “Nech-Bahirzaf”
Euphorbia abyssinica	S	L	Cough (Kuro)	N	D	The stem is placed on burning dung and the smoke sniffed to treat Donkey’s cough
	La.	H	Ascariasis	O	F	3–5 drops of its latex are homogenized in water with the powder of Eragrostis tef and Injera is made that is to be eaten by infected patient
	Fl.	H	Leprosy (sgadewie)	D	Fd.	Pounded flower is infused in honey and applied as cream on wound
Euphorbia platyphyllos	W	H	Ascariasis	O	D	In powder form, two teaspoons are roasted with equal size of roasted Hordeum vulgare in the form of Injera and eaten for three consecutive days
	La.	H	Skin infection (barle)	D	F	The latexes are applied as cream on the affected parts only
Euphorbia polyacantha	La.	H	Impetigo (Kunchir)	D	F	The wound is bled first and then its latex with latex of Euphorbia tirucalli is applied as cream
	La.	H	Boils (Bigungi)	D	F	Its latex is applied as cream with latex of C. procera on the wound part only
	La.	H	Skin cancer (tumor)	D	F	It is the same method of preparation as used in C. procera
Euphorbia tirucalli	La.	L	Donkey’s wart	D	F	The milky latex is pasted alone or with the latex of E. polycantha and squeezed leaf of C. simensis, after bleeding the wound with blade until recovery
Euryops pinifolius	L	H	Stomachache (kurba)	O	F	The leaf is chewed and absorbed during feeling pain
Ferula communis	R	L	Sterile cow/be fertile	O	D	Roots are dug at seven distinct places; pounded root is eaten with Injera
	R	H	Intestine pain	O	D	Two teaspoonful powders was infused in to glass of water (one cup of tea amount) and drunk
Ficus palmata	La.	H	Impetigo (Kunchir)	D	F	The wound is bled first and then its latex is applied as cream alone until recovery
	La.	H	Hemorrhoids	D	F	It is the same method and ingredient used in C. procera
Ficus vasta	L	H	Febrile illness	Op.	F	It is boiled with the leaf of C. spinarum and Zehneria scabra and then the vapor is inhaled
Foeniculum vulgare	L	H	Diuretic (Shntemat)	O	D	It is boiled and then the decoction is drunk by adding sugar like tea
Gossypium hirsutum	Se.	H	Malaria	O	D	Ground seed is soaked in water with small amount of salt and drunk by a cup of tea
Grewia ferruginea	Sb.	L	Leech infestation	N	F	Chopped and pounded stem bark is mixed with water and poured into the nose of cattle
	L	L	Removal of placenta	O	F	It is crushed and pounded with the root of Verbscum sinaiticum and decanted for the cattle
	L	H	Eye injury	Op.	F	It is squeezed alone or with Rumex nervosus and dropped into eye injured by Euphorbia latex
Guizotia abyssinica	Se.	H	Dry cough	O	D	It is pounded with seed of Nigella sativum, A. sativum, flower of Thymus schimperi, and rhizome of Zingiber officinale by pestle and mortar and then the concoction is drunk until recovery
	Se.	L	Swelling bull neck	D	D	The seed is chewed and the chewed seed is pitted on the wounded neck of bull
Hagenia abyssinica	Sb.	H	Malaria	O	D	It is chopped and powdered with the root of Silene macrosolen, Phytolacca dodecandra, and C. ficifolus and the leaf of C. myricoides and is drunk in a half size cup of coffee
	Se.	H	Tapeworm	O	D	The seed is pounded by pestle and mortar and mixed in ale (before filtration) and then a small amount is eaten in a separate house with one boy; if the risk comes, the “Shiro” stew is taken
Hibiscus eriospermus	R	H	Impotency in men	O	Fd.	It is the same method and ingredient used in C. lanatus
Hypoestes forskaolii	R	H	Stomachache	O	F	The cleaned root is chewed and the liquid absorbed
	L	Hl.	Leech infestation	O/N	F	Pounded leaf is soaked in water and drunk orally for human and decanted nasally for cattle
Impatiens rothii	Tu.	H	Idiopathy (likift)	D	F	It is the same method as used in A. camperi and B. polystachya
	Tu.	H	Fire accident	D	Fd.	Chopped and pounded tubular root is pasted on the injured body
Inula confertiflora	L	L	Cataract (mora)	Op.	F	The young leaf is chewed with the leaf of A. aspera and spitted to the affected cattle eye
	L	L	Leech infestation	N	F	It is the same as E. cymosa
	R	L	Emaciation	O	Fd.	It is the same method of preparation and ingredient of C. hypoleuca
Jasminum grandiflorum	Sh.	H	Hemorrhage at birth	V	F	It is crushed with the leaf of Solanum incanum and C. pepo and applied as cream on the vagina
	L	Hl.	Eye injury	Op.	F	It is the same method of preparation and ingredient of C. ficifolius
	L	H	Trachoma (Aynemaz)	Op.	F	Its young leaf and leaf of C. myricoides and I. confertiflora are crushed and dried under sunlight and then powdered to cream the infected part with “cul”
Juniperus procera	L	L	Febrile illness	O	F	Crushed and pounded leaf is stirred in water and then decanted for all pack animals
	L	L	Rh factor/disease	O	F	Crushed and pounded leaf is stirred in water and then decanted for cow
	L	L	Leech infestation	N	F	Crushed and pounded leaf is stirred in water and then decanted for cattle
Justicia schimperiana	L	L	Body lice	D	F	Its leaf is crushed and pounded and then immersed in water to wash the body of cattle
	L	L	Dysentery	O	F	It is crushed with Salvia schimperi and soaked in water with ash for decanting for sheep and goat
Kalanchoe petitiana	S	L	Swelling bull neck	D	F	Once bled with blade, chopped and peeled stem twig is tied on injured neck of bull
	Ag.	H	Scabies (Lifie)	D	Fd.	It is the same method and ingredient as D. radicans
Lagenaria siceraria	F	L	Swelling bull neck	D	D	The fruit is roasted, used as container of butter on flame, and the injured neck of bull is rubbed
	L	H	Ringworm	D	F	It is crushed and applied as cream on infected head and other skin parts until recovery
Laggera tomentosa	L	H	Stomachache	O	F	The leaf is chewed and the liquid absorbed
	L	Hl.	Leech infestation	O/N	F	It is the same as H. forskaolii preparation
Launaea intybacea	R	H	Stomachache	O	F	The root is chewed and the liquid absorbed
Leonotis ocymifolia	L	L	Bloating	O	F	Crushed and pounded leaf is stirred in water and then decanted for cattle
	L	L	Struck cattle	O	F	Crushed and pounded leaf is stirred in water and then decanted for cattle
Lepidium sativum	Se.	L	Bloating (Nifat)	O	D	It is the same method and ingredient of B. nigra
Leucas martinicensis	W	L	Emaciation	O	Fd.	It is the same method of preparation and ingredient of C.hypoleuca
Lippia adoensis	L	H	Ringworm (Aguagot)	D	F	Crushed and pounded leaf is applied as cream with the milk of pregnant cow on the injured part
Lobelia rhynchopetalum	R & S	H	Evil eye	O/D	D	It is the same method and ingredient of A. sativum
	La.	H	Hemorrhoids/tumor	D	F	It is the same method and ingredient used in C. procera
Malva verticillata	R	H	Dandruff	D	F	Its root is crushed in water until formation of bubble and then the head is washed
	Sb.	Hl.	Wound (any type)	D	F	Chopped and pounded stem bark is pasted with powdered Usea sp. on wound
Mentha longifolia	L	L	Leech infestation	N	F	It is pounded and soaked in water and then the concoction decanted in nose of cattle
Momordica foetida	W	H	Psychiatric disorder	D	F	The whole parts are pounded and immersed in pot water for three days and body is washed
Myrica salicifolia	Sb.	L	Rh factor/disease	O	Fd.	It is the same ingredient and preparation method of A. pulcherrima
Myrsine africana	F	H	Ascariasis	O	F	Ripe fruit is eaten and traditional beer/ale is drunk in the morning before any meals
	L	H	Tapeworm	O	F	The leaf is pounded and squeezed by adding water and then drinking half a cup of water
Myrtus communis	L	H	Itching (Ekek)	D	D	The leaf is crushed and powdered with the leaf of Rhus retinorrhoea and butter; then the inflamed body is creamed and stayed under sunlight for a few minutes
	Ag.	H	Epidemic	N	D	The crushed aboveground parts are inhaled on hot fire to reduce transmission of disease
Nicotiana rustica	L	L	Leech infestation	N	F	The leaf is pounded and soaked in water and then the concoction is decanted into nose of cattle
Nigella sativa	Se.	H	Stomachache (Alsha)	O	D	The ground seed is boiled with oil and drunk by tea glass
	Se.	H	Dry cough	O	D	It is the same method and ingredient of G. abyssinica
Ocimum lamiifolium	L	H	Headache; febrile	O/D	F	One cup of squeezed leaf is drunk with coffee orally and the remainder is applied as cream to injured parts
Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata	S	H	Toothache	D	F	It is similar method to that used in C. abyssinica
	S	H	Human’s wart	D	F	The bleeding wart is heated with chopped and roasted stem with the sap of Rumex nervosus
Orobanche ramosa	W	H	Fire accident	D	D	Crushed and roasted parts are powdered and then are applied as cream with butter on injured parts
Osyris quadripartita	L	L	Emaciation	O	Fd.	It is the same method of preparation and ingredient of C. hypoleuca
Otostegia fruticosa	L	H	Diarrhea	O	F	One-half of a cup of coffee of squeezed leaf is drunk, specially for babies
Otostegia integrifolia	L	H	Vomiting, nausea, & diarrhea	O	F	The leaf is crushed and squeezed and mixed to root of Verbena officinalis in a cup of coffee and then the concoction is drunk
	L	L	Dysentery	O	F	It is crushed and pounded with leaf of C. hypoleuca and immersed in water under a new container of L. siceraria and then the concoction is decanted for the cattle, specially ox and cow
	Ag.	H	Evil spirit	N	Fd.	The aboveground parts are fumigated on hot fire, specially for the new birth time
Otostegia tomentosa	L	H	Ascariasis, diarrhea	O	F	The leaf is pounded and squeezed and then drunk in a cup of tea in the morning before any diet
Phytolacca dodecandra	R & L	Hl	Rabies virus	O	D	It is chopped and pounded with the root of C. macrostachyus and Z. scabra and the powder is mixed with the milk of identical color cow and calf and drunk in half tea glass
Plectranthus cylindraceus	L	H	Vomiting & diarrhea	O	F	Crushed and squeezed leaf is mixed in boiled cup of coffee and then the decoction is drunk
	L	H	Emergency (Wereza)	O/D	F	It is squeezed and mixed in boiled cup of coffee and then the decoction is drunk and the face is creamed
Polygala abyssinica	R	H	Against snake bite	O	F	It is chewed and absorbed before any diet during the starting new year of Ethiopia and did not take any sour taste fruits from the time on wards
	R	H	Evil spirit (Ayinetila)	O	Fd.	The cleaned root is chewed and absorbed
Primula verticillata	L	Hl.	Cataract (Mora)	Op.	F	Leaf is pounded and squeezed by using clean cloth and added to injured or infected eye
Pteris dentate	W	H	Evil spirit (Ejeseb)	D	Fd.	The powder is tied on the neck and held in the pocket wherever they moved
Pteris pteridioides	W	H	Evil spirit (Ejeseb)	D	Fd.	It is similar methods as those used in P. dentata
Pulicaria schimperi	L	H	Wound (infection)	D	F	Pounded leaf is pasted on wounded part
Rhamnus prinoides	L	H	Tonsillitis	O/D	Fd.	Pounded and squeezed leaf is taken in a half index finger size of cup and is applied as cream with malt on the center of head by saying “sikel, sikel”
Rhus glutinosa ssp. neoglutinosa	L	L	Leech infestation	N	F	The leaf is pounded and stirred in water that contained salt and then the concoction is decanted
Rhus retinorrhoea	L	H	Itching (Ekek)	D	D	It is the same method and ingredient of M. communis
Rhynchosia minima	R	L	Weakling bull (Abayanet)	O	D	It is chopped and pounded with the root of Stephania abyssinica and Verbena officinalis which are immersed in a new container of L. siceraria for three days and then the concoction is decanted for the bull which is falling during plowing up the farmland
Ricinus communis	Sh.	H	Eczema (Chifie)	D	Fd.	It is roasted and powdered with the leaf of C. procera and mixed with butter and then applied as cream
Rubus apetalus	R	H	Evil eye	N	D	Crushed and powdered root is fumigated and the aroma of the smoke at night is smelt
Rumex abyssinicus	R	H	Itching (Ekek)	D	Fd.	It is crushed and roasted and then powdered root is applied as cream with butter on wound
Rumex nepalensis	R	H	Stomachache (Alsha)	O	F	The cleaned root is chewed and absorbed alone or with the root of Solanum incanum
Rumex nervosus	L	H	Eye pain	Op.	F	It is the same as G. ferruginea
	S	H	Ringworm (Agogot)	D	F	The stem is roasted on hot fire and the bubbles arisen from stem are applied as cream on wound
	S	H	Human’s wart	D	F	It is the same as O. Europaea ssp. cuspidata
Ruta chalepensis	F	H	Stomachache (kurba)	O	Fd.	The fruit/seed is eaten alone or with the rhizome of Zingiber officinale and salt
	F	H	Evil eye (lebuda)	D	Fd.	The fruit is chewed and held with the bulb of A. sativum and stem of A. afra
Salvia schimperi	L	L	Dysentery	O	F	It is the same method and ingredient of J. schimperiana
Schinus molle	F	H	Stomachache (kurba)	O	Fd.	The ripe fruit/seed is eaten alone for both prevention and treatment of disease
Sesamum orientale	Se.	H	Rh factor/disease	O	D	It is the same method and ingredient used in A. pulcherrima
Sida schimperiana	R	H	Evil eye	O/D	D	It is the same method and ingredients used in A. sativum
Silene macrosolen	R	H	Tapeworm	O	Fd.	Crushed and pounded root in half index finger size is drunk by tea glass, and if the risk comes, powder of Linum usitatissimum infusion in water is taken as reducing pain
Solanecio gigas	L	L	Emaciation	O	F	It is the same method of preparation and ingredient of C. hypoleuca
Solanum anguivi	F	H	Birth control	O	F	It is the same method of preparation and ingredient used in C. ficifolus
	F	H	Itching (Ekek)	D	F	The fruit is pounded with pestle and mortar and then applied as cream with butter on wound
Solanum marginatum	F & Se.	L	Cough (Chifra)	N	F	Its fruit is pierced and its fluid and seed are collected in a cup to be decanted nasally
	F & Se.	H	Rabies virus	O	F	Its fluid is collected with squeezed leaf of P. dodecandra and then drunk with cup of tea
	F	L	Evil eye	O	F	Roasted and pierced ripe fruit can be eaten with straw or hay fodders
Solanum incanum	L	Hl.	Bleeding (epistaxis)	D	F	Its leaf is crushed and tied to bleeding nose alone or with the leaf of A. aspera and R. nervosus
	R	H	Stomachache	O	F	It is the same method and ingredient used in R. nepalensis
Solanum nigrum	L	H	Gastritis	O	F	The washed or cleaned raw leaf before any meals is chewed
Stephania abyssinica	R	H	Against snake bite	O	F	It is the same as P. abyssinica except that there is no restriction on taking any sour taste fruits
Striga hermonthica	W	L	Poisoned insects	O	Fd.	It is the same method and ingredients used in C. macrostachyus
Thymus schimperi	F	H	Dry cough	O	D	It is the same method and ingredients used in G. abyssinica
	L	H	Hypertension	O	Fd.	The crushed or the normal leaf is boiled and then taken like a tea with a tea glass
Tragia brevipes	W	H	Impotency (in men)	O	Fd.	It is the same method and ingredient used in C. lanatus
Urtica simensis	L	H	Night blindness	D/N	F	The leaf is boiled in hot water and its aroma fumigated three times by opening the lid
	Rh.	H	Abortion	V	F	It is peeled with blade; three half little finger size rhizomes are inserted in the vagina
	L	H	Eye injury	Op	F	Pounded and squeezed leaf is dropped on the injured eye by insertion of bad materials
Verbena officinalis	R	H	Stomachache/nausea	O	F	The liquid is chewed and sucked and the residue is spitted
	R	L	Weakling bull	O	D	It is the same method and ingredient used in R. minima
Verbscum sinaiticum	R	L	Struck cattle (Betir)	O	Fd.	One water cup of pounded root in the water is decanted alone or with E. hispidus
	R	L	Febrile illness	O	Fd.	Crushed and pounded root is soaked in water and poured orally for all livestock
	R	H	Evil eye	O/N	D	It is the same method and ingredient used in A. sativum
	R	H	Psychiatric disorder	O	Fd.	It is crushed alone or with C. ficifolus and then half index finger size by a tea glass is drunk
Vernonia leopoldii	L	H	Wound, bleeding	D	F	The leaf is crushed and pounded and then tied on the injured part
Vernonia schimperi	R	H	Febrile illness	D/N	Fd.	Crushed and pounded leaf is stirred in water until bubbles are formed and then all parts are creamed except chest and the dried root is fumigated on hot fire and sniffed
Vicia faba	Se.	H	Boils	D	D	It is ground and soaked in water and pasted on wound and then heated by dung of jackass
	Se.	H	Ascariasis	O	D	It is the same method and ingredient used in either B. abyssinica or C. macrostachyus
Withania somnifera	R	H	Evil eye/spirit	D/N	D	It is the same method and ingredient used in A. sativum
Zehneria scabra	L	H	Jaundice	O	F	The leaf is pounded and squeezed and then drunk in half a cup of tea
	R	Hl.	Rabies virus	O	D	It is the same method and ingredient used in P. dodecandra
	Ag.	H	Febrile illness	N	F	It is the same method and ingredient used in F. vasta
Zingiber officinale	Rh.	H	Stomachache	O	Fd.	It is the same method and ingredient used in R. chalepensis

For authorities to scientific names of each species, see Appendix .