A Systematic Review on the Effects of Botanicals on Skeletal Muscle Health in Order to Prevent Sarcopenia

Table 2

Effects on skeletal muscle for each botanical.

Effect	Botanicals	Physiology	Study	Authors
Downregulation of LPS-induced COX-2 and iNOS expression	Korean Citrus aurantium L.	10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL	Rat skeletal muscle cells	Kim et al., 2012 [7]
Suppression or inhibition of NF-B	Korean Citrus aurantium L.	10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL	Rat skeletal muscle cells	Kim et al., 2012 [7]
	Eugenia punicifolia	2 mg/mL	Male mdx dystrophic mice	Leite et al., 2010 [8]
	Camellia sinensis	0.25% or 0.5% green tea extract, at the age of 42 days	C57BL/6J and mdx mice	Evans et al., 2010 [9]
Increase of NF-B	Panax ginseng	DS 20, 60, and 120 mg/kg	Rats	Yu et al., 2014 [10]
Induction of the phosporylation of AMPK	Glycine max	100 µM	C2C12 myotubes	Hirasaka et al., 2013 [11]
Decrease of MURF-1 promoter activity	Glycine max	100 µM	C2C12 myotubes	Hirasaka et al., 2013 [11]
Suppression of LPS-induced phosphorylation of the MAPKs (JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPK pERK)	Korean Citrus aurantium L.	10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL	Rat skeletal muscle cells	Kim et al., 2012 [7]
	Eugenia punicifolia	100 µg/mL	Mouse myoblastoma cells (C2C12)	Leite et al., 2014 [12]
Increase of ERK1/2 activity	Hachimijiogan (HJG)	HJG treatment (1–200 μg/mL)	Murine skeletal cells	Takeda et al., 2015 [13]
Activation of p38 MAPK signaling	Broussonetia kazinoki (pp38)	KP in 2% HS for 48 h, 10–1000 nM	C2C12 and 10T1/2 cells	Hwang et al., 2015 [14]
	Corydalis turtschaninovii (p-p38)	Various concentrations of THP	C2C12 myoblasts and fibroblast 10T1/2	Lee et al., 2014 [15]
Increase of myogenin	Eugenia punicifolia (17.5-kDa)	2 mg/mL	Male mdx dystrophic mice	Leite et al., 2010 [8]
Increased expression of MHC, myogenin, and Troponin-T	Broussonetia kazinoki	KP in 2% HS for 48 h, 10–1000 nM	C2C12 and 10T1/2 cells	Hwang et al., 2015 [14]
	Corydalis turtschaninovii	Various concentrations of THP	C2C12 myoblasts and fibroblast 10T1/2	Lee et al., 2014 [15]
Decrease of the expression of TNF-α	Korean Citrus aurantium L.	10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL	Rat skeletal muscle cells	Kim et al., 2012 [7]
	Vitis vinifera	100 μM	Mouse C2C12 cells	Wang et al., 2014 [16]
	Panax notoginseng	5 mg of Rg1	Healthy young men ()	Hou et al., 2015 [17]
	Phlebodium decumanum	5 capsules of 400 mg (250 mg of leaf extract and 150 mg of rhizome extract)	Amateur athletes ()	Díaz-Castro et al., 2012 [18]
	Eugenia punicifolia	2 mg/mL	Male mdx dystrophic mice	Leite et al., 2010 [8]
	Coffee	The same amount of drink in control and coffee group for 4 weeks	C57BL/6 mice	Guo et al., 2014 [19]
	Camellia sinensis	0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running	Mice	Haramizu et al., 2013 [20]
	Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL)	40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg	Five-week-old male	Chen et al., 2013 [21]
	Glycine max	100 µM	C2C12 myotubes	Hirasaka et al., 2013 [11]
Increase in sTNF-RII	Phlebodium decumanum	5 capsules of 400 mg (250 mg of leaf extract and 150 mg of rhizome extract)	Amateur athletes ()	Díaz-Castro et al., 2012 [18]
Decrease of IL-1α	Coffee	The same amount of drink in control and coffee group for 4 weeks	C57BL/6 mice	Guo et al., 2014 [19]
Decrease of IL-6	Korean Citrus aurantium L.	10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL	Rat skeletal muscle cells	Kim et al., 2012 [7]
	Curcumin (at 24 h)	2.5 g twice daily	Men ()	Nicol et al., 2015 [22]
	Coffee	The same amount of drink in control and coffee group for 4 weeks	C57BL/6 mice	Guo et al., 2014 [19]
	Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL)	40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg	Five-week-old male	Chen et al., 2013 [21]
Increase of interleukin-6 (IL-6)	Curcumin (at 0 h and 48 h)	2.5 g twice daily	Men ()	Nicol et al., 2015 [22]
Decrease of IL-8	Curcumin	1 g twice daily (corresponding to 200 mg curcumin twice a day)	Healthy, moderately active male ()	Drobnic et al., 2014 [23]
Decrease of IL-1β	Eugenia punicifolia (17.5-kDa)	2 mg/mL	Male mdx dystrophic mice	Leite et al., 2010 [8]
	Panax ginseng	DS	Rats	Yu et al., 2014 [10]
	Camellia sinensis	0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running	Mice	Haramizu et al., 2013 [20]
Increase of IL-10	Panax notoginseng	5 mg of Rg1	Healthy young men ()	Hou et al., 2015 [17]
	Panax ginseng	DS 20, 60, and 120 mg/kg	Rats	Yu et al., 2014 [10]
Decrease of MCP-1	Camellia sinensis	0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running	Mice	Haramizu et al., 2013 [20]
Decreased MnSOD (only at high dose)	Panax ginseng	DS 20, 60, and 120 mg/kg	Rats	Yu et al., 2014 [10]
Decrease of the expression of cleaved caspase-3	Korean Citrus aurantium L.	100 µg	Rat skeletal muscle cells	Kim et al., 2013 [24]
	Eugenia punicifolia	2 mg/mL	Male mdx dystrophic mice	Leite et al., 2010 [8]
Increased expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as GPx (not at high dose) and GCS	Panax ginseng	DS 20, 60, and 120 mg/kg	Rats	Yu et al., 2014 [10]
	Phlebodium decumanum (only GPx)	5 capsules of 400 mg (250 mg of leaf extract and 150 mg of rhizome extract)	Amateur athletes ()	Díaz-Castro et al., 2012 [18]
Increase of MMP-9 and MMP-2	Eugenia punicifolia	100 µg/mL	Mouse myoblastoma cells (C2C12)	Leite et al., 2014 [12]
Reduced MMP-9	Eugenia punicifolia	2 mg/mL	C57BL/10 mice	Leite et al., 2014 [12]
Reduced MMP-9 and MMP-2	Eugenia punicifolia	2 mg/mL	Male mdx dystrophic mice	Leite et al., 2010 [8]
Increase of citrate synthase (CS) activity	Panax notoginseng	5 mg of Rg1	Healthy young men ()	Hou et al., 2015 [17]
Attenuation of the increases in mRNAs encoding Ly6G and CD68 observed at 24 h after downhill running	Camellia sinensis	0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running	Mice	Haramizu et al., 2013 [20]
Increase of p27 and pAkt	Eugenia punicifolia	100 µg/mL	Mouse myoblastoma cells (C2C12)	Leite et al., 2014 [12]
	Corydalis turtschaninovii (only pAkt)	Various concentrations of THP	C2C12 myoblasts and fibroblast 10T1/2	Lee et al., 2014 [15]
Reduction of Cyclin D1	Eugenia punicifolia	100 µg/mL	Mouse myoblastoma cells (C2C12)	Leite et al., 2014 [12]
Increased expression of pAkt and pFoxO3a	Camellia sinensis	10–150 μM	C2C12 myotubes	Mirza et al., 2014 [25]
Decrease in MPO activity	Camellia sinensis	0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running	Mice	Haramizu et al., 2013 [20]
Decreased caspase-3 expression	Vitis vinifera	0.4 mg per gram body mass per day	Mice (male C57BL/6J mice)	Ballak et al., 2015 [26]
Upregulation of phosphorylation of Akt, p70S6K, mTOR, and 4E-BP1	Vitis vinifera	100 μM	Mouse C2C12 cells	Wang et al., 2014 [16]
	Coffee	Coffee solution 10, 30, 50, and 100 µg/mL	Mouse myosatellite cells	Guo et al., 2014 [19]
Prevention of HSPB1 phosphorylation	Pinus pinaster	0.05 mg/mL	Human muscle satellite cells	Poussard et al., 2013 [27]
Decrease in FoxO1 protein and promotion of FoxO1 phosphorylation	Vitis vinifera	100 μM	Mouse C2C12 cells	Wang et al., 2014 [16]
Decreased MURF-1 and MAFbx	Camellia sinensis	10–150 μM	C2C12 myotubes	Mirza et al., 2014 [25]
Increased MURF-1	Go-sha-jinki-Gan (GJG) (only PGC-1α)	4% (w/w)	Male SAMP8, SAMR1 mice	Kishida et al., 2015 [28]
Increase of the expression of MAFbx/atrogin1	Chestnuts flour	Polyphenols (100 nM) or tocopherols (100 nM)	C2C12 myotube cells	Frati et al., 2014 [29]
Decreased expression of proteasomes 20S and 19S	Camellia sinensis	10–150 μM	C2C12 myotubes	Mirza et al., 2014 [25]
Decreased peak CK serum or activity	Curcumin	150 mg before and 12 h after each eccentric exercise	Untrained young men	Tanabe et al., 2015 [30]
	Curcumin	2.5 g twice daily	Men ()	Nicol et al., 2015 [22]
	Curcumin	200 mg/kg/day	Male Wistar rats	Boz et al., 2014 [31]
Decrease plasma-serum ammonia levels	Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit	0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days	Male ICR mice	Wang et al., 2012 [32]
	Angelica sinensis	0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks	Male ICR strain mice	Yeh et al., 2014 [33]
	Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL)	40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg	Five-week-old male	Chen et al., 2013 [21]
Increase in blood creatine kinase	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	4 g of ginger once a day for 5 days	20 non-weight trained participants	Matsumura et al., 2015 [34]
	Eriobotrya japonica	50 mg/kg/day	Young (5-month-old) and aged (18-19-month-old) rats	Sung et al., 2015 [35]
Increase in serum creatinine	Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (WS)	750 mg/day × 10 days; 1000 mg/day × 10 days; 1250 mg/day × 10 days	Eighteen apparently healthy volunteers	Raut et al., 2012 [36]
Decrease of serum creatine kinase activity	Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit	0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days	Male ICR mice	Wang et al., 2012 [32]
	Salvia officinalis	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW	50 rats	JiPing, 2011 [37]
	Angelica sinensis	0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks	Male ICR strain mice	Yeh et al., 2014 [33]
	Camellia sinensis	0.25% or 0.5% green tea extract at the age of 42 days	C57BL/6J and mdx mice	Evans et al., 2010 [9]
	Withania somnifera	500 mg of the whole root extract twice daily; 750 mg twice daily	35 individuals	Mishra and Trikamji, 2013 [5]
Decrease in plasma lactate or lactic acid	Korean mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. coloratum)	KME at 400 or 1000 mg/(kg·d) for 1 week and 25, 40, 200, and 400 mg/kg	ICR mice	Jung et al., 2012 [38]
	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 d	BALB/c mice	Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39]
	Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit	0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days	Male ICR mice	Wang et al., 2012 [32]
	Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT)	5, 10, and 20 mL/ kg body weight for 28 days	32 male mice	Li et al., 2013 [40]
	Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL)	40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg	Five-week-old male	Chen et al., 2013 [21]
	Angelica sinensis	0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks	Male ICR strain mice	Yeh et al., 2014 [33]
Increase in LDH and lactic acid	Panax ginseng	10 mg/kg	Rat	Tan et al., 2013 [41]
	Acanthopanax senticosus (LDH)	500 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg; 280 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg; 70 mg/kg or 280 mg/kg	Five-week-old male ICR mice	Huang et al., 2011 [42]
	Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL)	40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg	Five-week-old male	Chen et al., 2013 [21]
Decreased myoglobin levels	Curcumin	200 mg/kg/day	Male Wistar rats	Boz et al., 2014 [31]
Decreased MDA levels in liver tissue	Curcumin	200 mg/kg/day	Male Wistar rats	Boz et al., 2014 [31]
	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 days	BALB/c mice	Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39]
	Curcuma longa	20–40 μg kg^−1 of curcumin	Wistar rats ()	Vitadello et al., 2014 [43]
Increased MDA	Panax ginseng	10 mg/kg	Rat	Tan et al., 2013 [41]
Increased availability of serum free fatty acid	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.	400 mg/kg BW for 21 days	BALB/c mice	Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39]
Decreased level of TG	Acanthopanax senticosus	500 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg; 280 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg; 70 mg/kg or 280 mg/kg	Five-week-old male ICR mice	Huang et al., 2011 [42]
	Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL)	40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg	Five-week-old male	Chen et al., 2013 [21]
	Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (WS)	750 mg/day × 10 days; 1000 mg/day × 10 days; 1250 mg/day × 10 days	Eighteen apparently healthy volunteers	Raut et al., 2012 [36]
Decrease in glucose and insulin	Panax notoginseng	5 mg of Rg1	Healthy young men ()	Hou et al., 2015 [17]
Increase in blood glucose	Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit	0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days	Male ICR mice	Wang et al., 2012 [32]
	Angelica sinensis	0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks	Male ICR strain mice	Yeh et al., 2014 [33]
Increase in citrate synthase (CS) activity	Panax notoginseng	5 mg of Rg1	Healthy young men ()	Hou et al., 2015 [17]
Rate of glycogen accumulation	Panax notoginseng	5 mg of Rg1	Healthy young men ()	Hou et al., 2015 [17]
Increase in glycogen content of liver and muscle	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 d	BALB/c mice	Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39]
	Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit	0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days	Male ICR mice	Wang et al., 2012 [32]
	Panax ginseng	10 mg/kg	Rat	Tan et al., 2013 [41]
	Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT)	5, 10, and 20 mL/kg body weight for 28 days	32 male mice	Li et al., 2013 [40]
	Angelica sinensis	0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks	Male ICR strain mice	Yeh et al., 2014 [33]
	Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL)	40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg	Five-week-old male	Chen et al., 2013 [21]
Increase in cholinesterase (ChE)	Salvia officinalis	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW	50 rats	JiPing, 2011 [37]
Upregulation of HSP70 mRNA levels or induction of the expression of Hsp-70	Rhodiola rosea	10 μg/mL of Rhodiolife	Murine skeletal muscle cells	Hernández-Santana et al., 2014 [44]
	Cichorium intybus (Cii)	5, 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL	C2C12 myoblast	Lee et al., 2013 [45]
Downregulation of Hsp-70	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 days	BALB/c mice	Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39]
Prevention of calpain upregulation	Pinus pinaster	Oligopin (0.05 mg/mL)	Cultured human skeletal muscle satellite cells	Dargelos et al., 2010 [46]
Inhibition of the level of ceramide	Cichorium intybus (Cii)	5, 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL	C2C12 myoblast	Lee et al., 2013 [45]
Suppression or mitigation of the increases in plasma CPK, AST, ALT, and MDA levels after downhill running	Camellia sinensis	0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running	Mice	Haramizu et al., 2013 [20]
	Chlorella (only CPK)	1% Chlorella-supplemented diet (CSD group)	Transgenic mice	Nakashima et al., 2014 [47]
Reduction of the levels of carbonylated protein	Camellia sinensis	0.5% w/w in diet for 3 weeks after downhill running	Mice	Haramizu et al., 2013 [20]
	Curcuma longa	20–40 μg kg^−1 of curcumin	Wistar rats ()	Vitadello et al., 2014 [43]
	Camellia sinensis	GTE (50 mg/kg body weight)	Sixty male rats	Alway et al., 2015 [48]
Attenuation of hydrogen peroxide concentration	Curcuma longa	3 mg	Male C57BL/6 mice	Kawanishi et al., 2013 [49]
Attenuation of NADPH-oxidase mRNA expression	Curcuma longa	3 mg	Male C57BL/6 mice	Kawanishi et al., 2013 [49]
Attenuation of F4/80 mRNA expression	Curcuma longa	3 mg	Male C57BL/6 mice	Kawanishi et al., 2013 [49]
Counteraction of the increase of BiP, ATF4, XBP1u, and XBP1s mRNA	Camellia sinensis	Green tea extract (0.5% w/vol)	Twelve-week-old female C57BL/6J mice	Rodriguez et al., 2014 [50]
Increase in the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate	Korean mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. coloratum)	6 µg/mL	L6 cells and C2C12 cells, mice	Jung et al., 2012 [38]
Increase of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator- (PGC-) 1α and SIRT-1	Korean mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. coloratum)	6 µg/mL	L6 cells and C2C12 cells, mice	Jung et al., 2012 [38]
	Vitis vinifera	0.05% trans-resveratrol for 10 months	Middle-aged (18 months) C57/BL6 mice	Jackson et al., 2011 [51]
	Glycine max	100 µM	C2C12 myotubes	Hirasaka et al., 2013 [11]
	Vitis vinifera	125 mg/kg/day	Thirty-six male rats	Bennett et al., 2013 [52]
Decrease of PGC-1α expression	Go-sha-jinki-Gan (GJG) (only PGC-1α)	4% (w/w)	Male SAMP8, SAMR1 mice	Kishida et al., 2015 [28]
Decrease of BUN	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.	400 mg/kg BW for 21 days	BALB/c mice	Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39]
	Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit	0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days	Male ICR mice	Wang et al., 2012 [32]
	Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT)	5, 10, and 20 mL/kg body weight for 28 days	32 male mice	Li et al., 2013 [40]
	Acanthopanax senticosus	500 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg; 280 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg; 70 mg/kg or 280 mg/kg	Five-week-old male ICR mice	Huang et al., 2011 [42]
	Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (WS)	750 mg/day × 10 days; 1000 mg/day × 10 days; 1250 mg/day × 10 days	Eighteen apparently healthy volunteers	Raut et al., 2012 [36]
Increase of SOD and catalase	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 d	BALB/c mice	Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39]
	Panax ginseng (only SOD)	10 mg/kg	Rat	Tan et al., 2013 [41]
	Salvia officinalis (SOD and GSHPx)	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW	50 rats	JiPing, 2011 [37]
Upregulation of GLUT-4 and AMPK-1α	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 d	BALB/c mice	Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39]
Decrease in SUN levels	Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL)	40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg	Five-week-old male	Chen et al., 2013 [21]
Increase of Grp94 protein	Curcuma longa	20–40 μg kg^−1 of curcumin	Wistar rats ()	Vitadello et al., 2014 [43]
Decrease in myostatin and β-galactosidase	Camellia sinensis	1 mg/kg b.i.d.	Young and old C57BL/6 male mice	Gutierrez-Salmean et al., 2014 [53]
Increase in the ratio of plasma follistatin/myostatin	Camellia sinensis	25 mg of pure Epi (~1 mg/kg/day)	Human subjects ()	Gutierrez-Salmean et al., 2014 [53]
Decrease in cross-sectional area (CSA)	Eriobotrya japonica	50 mg/kg/day	Young (5-month-old) and aged (18-19-month-old) rats	Sung et al., 2015 [35]