A Systematic Review on the Effects of Botanicals on Skeletal Muscle Health in Order to Prevent Sarcopenia

Table 3

Botanicals with anti-inflammatory effects on skeletal muscle.

Paper	Botanical	Compound	Model	Physiology	Main results
In vitro
Kim et al., 2012 [7]	Korean Citrus aurantium L.	Flavonoids (hesperidin, nobiletin, and naringin)	Rat skeletal muscle cells	Flavonoids 10, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL	Decrease in the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-, and IL-6.
Kim et al., 2013 [24]	Korean Citrus aurantium L.	Flavonoids (naringin, hesperidin, poncirin, isosinnesetin, and hexamethoxyflavone)	Rat skeletal muscle cells	100 µg	Protection of cell-structure related proteins and decrease in level of cleaved caspase-3.
Leite et al., 2014 [12]	Eugenia punicifolia	Pentacyclic triterpenes (barbinervic acid)	Mouse myoblastoma cells (C2C12)	Ep-CM; 100 µg/mL	Reduction of C2C12 cell density and proliferation. Increase of metalloproteases activity: MMP-9 (128 ± 14%, ) and MMP-2 (110 ± 18%, ).
Wang et al., 2014 [16]	Vitis vinifera	Resveratrol (3,5,40-trihydroxystilbene)	Mouse C2C12 cells	Resveratrol; 100 μM	Counteraction of TNF-α induced muscle protein loss and reversion of declining expression of Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, 4E-BP1, and FoX01.
Guo et al., 2014 [19]	Coffee	Chlorogenic acid, anhydrous caffeine, and polyphenols	Mouse myosatellite cells	Coffee solution; 10, 30, 50, and 100 µg/mL	Increase in cell proliferation rate, enhancement of the DNA synthesis of the proliferating satellite cells, and increase of the activation level of Akt.
Animals
Yu et al., 2014 [10]	Panax ginseng	Dammarane steroids (DS)	Rats	DS; 20, 60, and 120 mg/kg	Anti-inflammatory effects on skeletal muscle following muscle-damaging exercise.
Kishida et al., 2015 [28]	Go-sha-jinki-Gan (GJG)	Paeoniflorin, loganin, and total alkaloids	Male SAMP8, SAMR1 mice	GJG; 4% (w/w)	Reduction of the loss of skeletal muscle mass and amelioration of the increase in slow skeletal muscle fibers.
Guo et al., 2014 [19]	Coffee	Coffee bean, chlorogenic acid, anhydrous caffeine, and polyphenols	C57BL/6 mice	The same amount of drink in control and coffee group for 4 weeks	Improvement in grip strength; faster regeneration of injured skeletal muscles. Decrease in the levels of interleukins.
Leite et al., 2010 [8]	Eugenia punicifolia	Dichloromethane fraction	Male mdx dystrophic mice	Ep-CM; 2 mg/mL	Reduction of MMP-9 (62 ± 12%, ) and MMP-2 (58 ± 10%, ) activities. Reduction of TNF- production (42 ± 9%, ) and NF-B expression (%, ).
Leite et al., 2014 [12]	Eugenia punicifolia	Pentacyclic triterpenes (barbinervic acid)	C57BL/10 mice	Ep-CM; 2 mg/mL	Reduction of MMP-9 activity (%, ) but difference concerning MMP-2 activity in the muscular lesion; reduction of the inflammatory lesion area.
Boz et al., 2014 [31]	Curcumin	Curcumin	Male Wistar rats	200 mg/kg/day	Decrease of CK activity () and significant decrease of myoglobin levels ().
Humans
Díaz-Castro et al., 2012 [18]	Phlebodium decumanum	Polyphenols, terpenoids, and xavonoids	Amateur athletes ()	5 capsules of 400 mg (250 mg of leaf extract and 150 mg of rhizome extract)	Reduction of oxidative stress (). Reduction in the inflammatory response. Decrease of TNF-α before and after the high-intensity exercise. Increase in sTNF-RII.
Hou et al., 2015 [17]	Panax notoginseng	Ginsenosides Rg1	Healthy young men ()	5 mg of Rg1	Increase in exercise time to exhaustion (Rg1 38.3 ± 6.7 min versus placebo 31.8 ± 5.0 min).; Improvement in meal tolerance during recovery ().
Black et al., 2010 [54]	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Gingerols and shogaols	Individuals ()	2 g of ginger after exercise	Postexercise reduction in arm pain the following day (13%; −5.9 ± 8 mm).
Black et al., 2010 [54]	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Gingerols and shogaols	34 participants in study 1; 40 participants in study 2	2 g for 11 consecutive days after exercise	Decrease in pain-intensity ratings 24 hours after eccentric exercise in both studies ().
Pumpa et al., 2013 [55]	Panax notoginseng	Saponins (ginsenosides)	Well-trained male volunteers ()	4 g of P. notoginseng	Decrease in IL-6 24 h after the downhill run (placebo). Decrease in TNF-α 24 h after the downhill run (placebo).
Drobnic et al., 2014 [23]	Curcumin	Phytosome delivery system (Meriva)	Healthy, moderately active male ()	1 g twice daily (corresponding to 200 mg curcumin twice a day)	Significant decrease in pain intensity for the right and left anterior thigh (4.4 ± 2.5 and 4.4 ± 2.4, ).; Lower increase in hsPCR levels at 24 hours (116.2%). Lower increase of IL-8 levels at 2 hours (196.8 ± 66.1 pg/mL, ).
Nicol et al., 2015 [22]	Curcumin	Curcuminoids	Men ()	2.5 g twice daily	Moderate-to-large reduction in pain during single-leg squat (VAS scale −1.4 to −1.7; 90% CL: ±1.0), gluteal stretch (−1.0 to −1.9; ±0.9), and squat jump (−1.5 to −1.1; ±1.2) and reduction in creatine kinase activity (−22–29%; ±21-22%). Increase in IL-6 concentrations at 0 h (31%; ±29%) and 48 h (32%; ±29%), but decrease in IL-6 at 24 h relative to postexercise period (−20%; ±18%).
Tanabe et al., 2015 [30]	Curcumin	Curcuminoids (Theracurmin)	Untrained young men ()	150 mg before and 12 h after each eccentric exercise	Faster recovery of maximum voluntary contraction torque (e.g., 4 days after exercise: −31 ± 13% versus −15 ± 15%), lower peak serum CK activity (peak: 7684 ± 8959 IU/L versus 3398 ± 3562 IU/L, ). No significant changes in IL-6 and TNF-α after exercise.