A Systematic Review on the Effects of Botanicals on Skeletal Muscle Health in Order to Prevent Sarcopenia

Table 5

Botanicals with antifatigue activity on skeletal muscle.

Paper	Botanical	Compound	Model	Physiology	Main results
In vitro
Jung et al., 2012 [38]	Korean mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. coloratum)	KME (Korean mistletoe extract)	L6 cells and C2C12 cells, mice	6 µg/mL	Acceleration of OCR (37%). Significant increase in PGC-1α mRNA expression. 9.3-fold increase in SIRT1 expression.
Nallamuthu et al., 2014 [39]	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.	Polyphenols	BALB/c mice	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 21 d	Increase in the duration of swimming time to exhaustion by 23.4 and 47.5% for medium and higher doses, respectively.
Animals
Wang et al., 2012 [32]	Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit	C. moschata fruit extract (CME)	Male ICR mice	0, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg/day for 14 days	Dose-dependent increase in swimming time ().
Tan et al., 2013 [41]	Panax ginseng	Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1)	Rat	10 mg/kg	Significant decrease of maximum grip strength of the MG group and the GG group ().
Li et al., 2013 [40]	Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT)		32 male mice	5, 10, and 20 mL/kg body weight for 28 days	Significant increase of exhaustive swimming times ().
JiPing, 2011 [37]	Salvia officinalis		50 rats	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW	Reduction of lipid peroxidation, LDH, and CK.
Yeh et al., 2014 [33]	Angelica sinensis	Ferulic acid	Male ICR strain mice	0.41 g/kg/day (Ex-AS1) and 2.05 g/kg/day (Ex-AS5), 6 weeks	Slight increase of grip strength (), at the higher AS doses, longer exercise performance (1.49, ).
Huang et al., 2011 [42]	Acanthopanax senticosus	Eleutheroside E, eleutheroside E2	Five-week-old male ICR mice	500 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg; 280 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg; 70 mg/kg or 280 mg/kg	Increase of swimming time to exhaustion at high dose ().
Chen et al., 2013 [21]	Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL)	Three saponins (nigaichigoside, suavissimoside, and coreanoside)	Five-week-old male	40 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg	Delays of SUN and LA accumulation, decrease in TG level, and increase in HG and LDH. Suppression of inflammatory cytokine production.
Jung et al., 2012 [38]	Korean mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. coloratum)		ICR mice	KME at 400 or 1000 mg/(kg·d) for 1 week; and 25, 40, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Induction of mitochondrial activity and improvement in endurance.
Jackson et al., 2011 [51]	Vitis vinifera	Resveratrol	Middle-aged (18 months old) C57/BL6 mice	0.05% trans-resveratrol for 10 months	Protection against oxidative stress through the upregulation of MnSOD. Increase in the muscles activity in animals that were 28 months of age by an additional ~40% ().
Humans
Raut et al., 2012 [36]	Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (WS)		Eighteen apparently healthy volunteers	750 mg/day × 10 days; 1000 mg/day × 10 days; 1250 mg/day × 10 days	Increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Significant decrease in total cholesterol.