Application of Traditional Chinese Medical Herbs in Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Table 2

TCMHs-derived compounds inhibiting RSV.

(a)

Herbs	Compounds	Anti-RSV activity	References
Folium Isatidis	Fraction III; fraction IV	RSV replication ↓ (SI: 13.06; >24.33; MTT: 11.67; >22.32); The ribavirin group (SI: <28.04; MTT: 40.52)	[33]
Flos Pueraria Omeiensis	Genistein, tectorigenin	Possess potent antiviral activity against RSV (CC50: 450; 500 μg/mL; IC50: 12.5; 30 μg/mL, SI: 36; 16.7); the ribavirin group: (CC50: 62.5 μg/mL; IC50: 3.0 μg/mL; SI: 20.8)	[34]
Radix Gentianae	RG2-1 [35]; RG3-1 [36]	RSV replication ↓ (TC50: 10.66; 5.29 mg/mL; EC50: 420; 262.95 μg/mL; TI: 25.38; 20.12) [35, 36]; the ribavirin group (TC50: 1.18; 1.15 mg/mL; EC50: 30.88; 15.48 μg/mL; TI: 38.21; 74.92) [35, 36]	[35, 36]
Herba Patriniae	AP3 [37]; AP4 [38]	RSV replication ↓; RSV entry ↓ (TC50: 11.45; 10.89 mg/mL; EC50: 0.0986; 0.0801 mg/mL; TI: 116.12; 135.95) [37, 38]; the ribavirin group (TC50: 0.076, 1.97 mg/mL; EC50: 0.00143, 0.036 mg/mL; TI: 53.45, 54.72) [37, 38]	[37, 38]
Litchi Chinensis	Flavonoids	RSV replication ↓ (TC50: 152.9 mg/mL; IC50: 58.6 mg/mL; TI: 2.6); the ribavirin group (TC50: 154.9 mg/mL; IC50: 57.1 mg/mL; TI: 2.7)	[39]
Radix Glycyrrhizae	18β-GA [32]; GD4 [40]	RSV replication ↓ (IC50: 4.3–4.5 μg/mL; CC50: 71.5–76.3 μg/mL; SI: 15.9–17.7) [32]; (EC50: 28.73 μg/mL; TI: 8.0) [40]; the ribavirin group (EC50: 5.67 μg/mL, TI: 215.0) [40]	[32, 40]
Ligustrum lucidum	Oleuropein	Significant antiviral activities against RSV (TC50: 562.5 μg/mL; IC50: 11.7 μg/mL; TI: 48); the ribavirin group (TC50: 62.5 μg/mL; IC50: 2.6 μg/mL; TI: 24)	[41]
Lophatherum gracile	Flavone 6-C-monoglycosides	Potent antiviral activities against RSV (CC50: ranging from 254.5 ± 6.4 to 362.6 ± 15.4 μg/mL; IC50 ranging from 5.7 to 50 μg/mL, SI ranging from 5.6 to 63.6 μg/mL); the ribavirin group (CC50: 62.5 ± 3.2 μg/mL; IC50: 3.0 ± 0.4 μg/mL; SI: 20.8)	[42]
Pithecellobium clypearia	Quercetin	Possess potent antiviral activity against RSV (IC50: 2.5 μg/mL; SI: 180); the ribavirin group (IC50: 3.0 μg/mL; SI: 20.8)	[43]
Sophora flavescens	Anagyrine, oxymatrine, sophoranol	Potent antiviral activities against RSV (IC50: 10.4; 10.4; 10.4 μg/mL; CC50: 250; 125; 250 μg/mL; SI: 24.0; 12; 24); the ribavirin group (IC50: 2.6 μg/mL; CC50: 62.5 μg/mL; SI: 24)	[44]

TC50 is 50% of toxic concentration; EC50 is the concentration for 50% of maximal effect; IC50 is the concentration of the sample required to inhibit virus-induced CPE 50%; CC50 is the concentration of the 50% cytotoxic effect; selective index (SI) or therapeutic index (TI): CC50/IC50 or TC50/EC50 or TC50/IC50; MTT assay is a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity.

(b)

Herbs	Compounds	Anti-RSV activity	References
Scutellaria baicalensis	Wgonin oroxylin A	Potent antiviral activities against RSV (IC50: 7.4; 14.5 μg/mL; CC50: 119.2; 58.1 μg/mL; SI: 16.1; 4.0); the ribavirin group (IC50: 2.6 μg/mL; CC50: 62.5 μg/mL; SI: 24)	[44]
Selaginella uncinata	Uncinoside A; uncinoside B	Potently inhibit RSV infection (IC50: 6.9; 1.3 μg/mL; TC50: 82.5; 83.3 μg/mL; TI: 12; 64); the ribavirin group: (IC50: 2.6 μg/mL; CC50: 62.5 μg/mL; TI: 24)	[45]
Wikstroemia indica	Daphnoretin	RSV replication ↓ (IC50: 5.87 μg/mL; SI: 28.17); the ribavirin group (IC50: 3.05 μg/mL; SI: 21.4)	[46]
Radix wikstroemiae	Genkwanol B; genkwanol C; stelleranol	Potent antiviral activities against RSV (IC50: 9.6; 6.6; 10.2 μg/mL; CC50: 106.1; 145.3; 161.5 μg/mL; SI: 11; 21.9; 15.8); the ribavirin group (IC50: 11.9 μg/mL; CC50: 256.1 μg/mL; SI: 21.6)	[47]
Youngia japonica	Fractions 10 [26]; fractions 11 [26]; 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid [48]; 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid [48]	Syncytium formation of RSV ↓; potent antiviral activities against RSV (IC50: 3.0–6.0 μg/mL; MNCC: 200 μg/mL) [26]; (IC50: 0.5 μg/mL) [48]; the ribavirin group (IC50: 3.0 μg/mL, MNCC: 31 μg/mL) [26]; the ribavirin group (IC50: 2.5 μg/mL) [48]	[26, 48]

TC50 is 50% of toxic concentration; EC50 is the concentration for 50% of maximal effect; IC50 is the concentration of the sample required to inhibit virus-induced CPE 50%; CC50 is the concentration of the 50% cytotoxic effect; selective index (SI) or therapeutic index (TI): CC50/IC50 or TC50/EC50 or TC50/IC50; MNCC: the maximal concentration of the sample that did not exert toxic effect detected by microscopic monitoring after 72 h of incubation.