Application of Traditional Chinese Medical Herbs in Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Table 4

Chinese patent medicine in prevention and inhibition of RSV.

(a)

Names	Composition			Mechanisms and results	References
	Plant or mineral	Weight (g); (%, w/w)	Used part
Bu Shen; Yi Qi Tang; (BSYQF); (granules)	Radix Astragali	46.15%	Root	Airway inflammation ↓; RSV replication ↓; F protein expression of RSV ↓ ()	[50]
	Herba Epimedii; Rehmanniae Radix	30.77%; 23.08%	Aerial part,; root tuber	Regulating the balance between Th1 and Th2/Th17 responses: Th1-response ↑: CD4+ T cell proportion ↑; T-Bet ↑; macrophages ↑; IFN-γ ↑; IL-12 ↑; Th2/Th17 cell proportions ↓: GATA3 ↓; STAT6 ↓; RORγT ↓; IL-4 ↓; IL-5 ↓; IL-6 ↓; IL-17a ↓
Shuang Huang Lian oral liquid (SHL)	Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi	25.00%	Rootstalk	RSV replication ↓; the virus titer ↓; airway inflammation ↓; IL- 8 ↓; the SHL group: TC50 > 160 μg/mL; the ribavirin group was similar to the SHL group (); no adverse reaction was found	[51, 52]
	Lonicera japonica	25.00%	Flower bud
	Forsythia suspensa	50.00%	Fruit
Sheng Ma Ge Gen Tang (SMGGT)	Pueraria lobata Ohwi	33.33%	Radix	The crude extract of SMGGT was more effective when given before viral infection (): viral attachment ↓; RSV internalization ↓	[24]
	Paeonia lactiflora Pallas	22.22%	Radix
	Cimicifuga foetida L.	22.22%	Rhizoma	The SMGGT group: CC50: 3000 μg/mL; IC50: 34.2–82.8 μg/mL; the ribavirin group was similar to the SMGGT group ()
	Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer et DC	11.11%	Radix
	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	11.11%	Root-like stem	Epithelial cells secrete IFN-β ↑ and TNF-α ↑ beforehand and after viral inoculation to defense RSV
Xia Sang Ju Granule (XSJG)	Prunella vulgaris L.	66.23%	Fruit spike	RSV replication ↓; the virus titer ↓; the XSJG group: TC50: 800 μg/mL; IC50: 544.59 μg/mL; TI: 1.47; the ribavirin group was similar to the XSJG group (); no adverse reaction was found	[53]
	Dendranthema indicum	23.18%	Flower
	Mulberry leaf	10.60%	Leaf

Th1 cell: T helper 1 cell; Th2 cell: T helper 2 cell; Th17-cell: T helper 17 cell; GATA3: transcription factors GATA binding protein 3; STAT6: signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; RORγT: retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t; T-Bet: T box expressed in T cells; IL: interleukin; A549: human lung carcinoma cell; TC50 is 50% of toxic concentration; IC50 is the concentration of the sample required to inhibit virus-induced CPE 50%; CC50 is the concentration of the 50% cytotoxic effect; IFN-β: interferon β; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.

(b)

Names	Composition			Mechanisms and results	References
	Plant or mineral	Weight (g)	Used part
Jin Xin oral liquid; (JOL)	Ephedra sinica Stapf	3	Stem	Lung inflammation ↓; RSV replication ↓; the viral load in the lung tissues ↓ ⁢	[54]
	Prunus armeniaca L.	10	Seed
	Morus alba L.	10	Velamen	During early stage infection (on days 2 and 4 after infection), the TLR3-IRF3-IFN-β signaling pathway ↓: IFN-β ↓; TLR3 ↓; IRF3 (p-IRF3) ↓; the expression of SOCS1 ↓ ⁢
	Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi	10	Rootstalk
	Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn	10	Root
	Lepidium apetalum Willd.	10	Seed	During the later stage of infection (7 d after infection), the TLR3-IRF3-IFN-β signaling pathway ↑: IFN-β ↑; TLR3 ↑; IRF3 (p-IRF3) ↑; the expression of SOCS1 ↓ ⁢
	Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.	10	Root
	Gypsum ( ⋅)	15	—
Qing Fei oral liquid; (QOL)	Ephedra sinica Stapf	4	Stem	A multicentered single-blind, random controlled clinical study of 166 children in Nanjing in China showed that the curative and the effective rate of the QOL group: 80.00%; 19.38%; the ribavirin group: 41.14%; 41.14%; no adverse reaction was found ⁢	[55]
	Prunus armeniaca L.	10	Seed
	Morus alba L.	10	Velamen
	Bombyx mori Linnaeus	6	Bombycidae
	Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn	10	Root
	Lepidium apetalum Willd.	6	Seed	Airway inflammation ↓; IL-6 ↓; IL-8 ↓ ⁢	[56]
	Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.	12	Root
	Gypsum ( ⋅)	24	—	RSV replication ↓; regulating immunabitity; INF-γ ↑ ⁢	[57]
	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge	6	Rootstalk
	Polygonum bistorta L.	12	Rootstalk

TLR3: toll-like receptors 3; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; IFN-β: interferon β; SOCS1: suppressor of cytokine signaling 1; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; A549: human lung carcinoma cell; TC50 is 50% of toxic concentration; IC50 is the concentration of the sample required to inhibit virus-induced CPE 50%; therapeutic index (TI): TC50/IC50.