Potential Health Benefits of Deep Sea Water: A Review

Table 11

Effects of deep sea water on fatigue.

Type of study model	Experimental method [subject (age/weight), treatment dosage, duration of treatment]	Major activity	Mechanism of action	Reference
In vivo study	Exercise-induced fatigue male Wistar rats, DSW 100, and 600 hardness, dosages (6, 12, and 30 mL/kg·d)	Promoted the endurance of rats in exercise test.; Reduced exhaustive period.	Improved the ratio of lactic acid elimination to lactic acid increment.; Reduced BUN level of rats fed with D100 in a dosage of 30 mL/kg·d and D600 in dosages of 6, 12, and 30 mL/kg·d.; Increased liver glycogen content in rats group fed with D100 in a dosage of 6 mL/kg·d.	[34]
Clinical study	12 healthy male volunteers (age years; height 171.8 ± 1.5 cm; weight  kg; VO2max  ml·kg^−1·min^−1), randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, DSW 710 hardness, fatiguing exercise conducted for 4 hr at 30°C	Accelerated recovery from physical fatigue.	Complete recovery of aerobic power within 4 hr.; Elevated muscle power above placebo levels within 24 hr.; Increased circulating creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin; indicatives of exercise-induced muscle damage, were completely eliminated, in parallel with attenuated oxidative damage.	[35]