Review Article

Potential Health Benefits of Deep Sea Water: A Review

Table 17

Effects of deep sea water in the liver and kidney status.

Type of study modelExperimental method [subject (age/weight), treatment dosage, duration of treatment]Major activityReference

In vivo studyHFD male Wistar rats (200–220 g), DSW 1,000 hardness, ad libitum, 4 weeksImproved liver function by the decrease of serum levels of AST and ALT.[19]

In vivo studyHFD male Golden Syrian hamsters (5 weeks), DSW 300, 900, and 1500 hardness, ad libitum, 6 weeksAttenuated serum AST values in hamsters drinking DSW 300, 900, and 1500.
Lower serum ALT values in hamsters drinking DSW 900 and DSW 1500.
[33]

In vivo studyCFD male New Zealand white rabbits (1500–2000 g) fed diet containing 3.75, 37.5, and 75 mg/kg of Mg, DSW 1410 hardness, 8 weeks No differences were observed in values of AST and ALT.
[6]

In vivo studyMale hyperlipidemia rabbits (1.8–2.0 g), DSW 1200 hardness, 150 ml/d, ad libitum, 12 weeks No differences were observed in values of AST and ALT.
[21]

Clinical studyHypercholesterolemic individuals (23 men and 19 women), DSW (1410 hardness), supplemented 1050 mL daily, 6 weeksNo significant difference of ALT, AST, and BUN levels between treated subjects and controls.[4]