|
| Type of study model | Experimental method [subject (age/weight), treatment dosage, duration of treatment] | Major activity | Mechanism of action | Reference |
|
| In vivo study | High fat diet (HFD) male Wistar rats (200–220 g), DSW 1,000 hardness, ad libitum, 4 weeks | Increased the level of HDL-C. | ND. | [19] |
|
| In vivo study | Cholesterol-fed diet (CFD) male New Zealand white rabbits (1500–2000 g) fed diet containing 3.75, 37.5, and 75 mg/kg of Mg, DSW 1410 hardness, 8 weeks | Improved plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and LDL-C levels.
| Improved the protein expression of AMPK phosphorylation, ACC phosphorylation, and HMGCR. | [6] |
|
| In vivo study | High cholesterol diet (HCD) ICR mice (7 weeks), reverse osmosis (RO DSW) (44.6 hardness), electrodialysis (ED DSW) (4685.9 hardness) and 10% (v/v) dilution with ddH2O 10% DSW (544.2 hardness), ad libitum, 8 weeks | Reduced the level of TG, TC, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels in the serum and liver of animal models, respectively. | Increase in daily faecal lipid of TG and TC and bile acid outputs.
| [20] |
| HFD Hamster (5 weeks), DSW 300, 900, 1500 hardness, ad libitum, 6 weeks | Increase in daily faecal lipid of TG and TC and bile acid outputs.
Upregulated hepatic low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) and cholesterol-7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene expressions. | [5] |
|
| Type of study model | Male hyperlipidemia rabbits (1.8–2.0 g), DSW 1200 hardness, 150 ml/d, ad libitum, 12 weeks | Reduced plasma TC and plasma LDL cholesterol level.
Increased plasma HDL cholesterol. | ND. | [21] |
|
| In vivo study | Male Wistar rats (90 g), DSW containing 200, 600, and 1000 mg/L of Mg, ad libitum, 4 weeks | Attenuated plasma TC. | ND. | [22, 23] |
|
| Clinical study | Hypercholesterolemic individuals (23 men and 19 women), DSW (1410 hardness), supplemented 1050 mL daily, 6 weeks | Decreased serum TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).
| Decreased lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. | [4] |
|
| Clinical study | CFD and hyperlipemia male Japanese rabbits, DSW hardness of 28, 300, and 1200, 150 ml/d, ad libitum, 4 weeks | Reduced TC and LDL-C levels in hyperlipemia rabbits.
Prevented increase of TC and LDL-C levels in CFD rabbits. | ND. | [24] |
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