Review Article

Potential Health Benefits of Deep Sea Water: A Review

Table 4

Effects of deep sea water on cardiovascular protection.

Type of study modelExperimental method [subject (age/weight), treatment dosage, duration of treatment]Major activityMechanism of actionReference

In vivo studyHCD ICR mice (7 weeks), reverse osmosis-DSW 44.6 hardness, Electrodialysis-DSW 4685.9 hardness, 10% DSW 544.2 hardness, 8 weeksReduced abnormal cardiac architecture, apoptosis in left ventricle (LV).
Increased cardiac survival signalling components in LV of mice.
Change in Fas and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic components in LV of mice.
Change in apoptosis related proteins and cardiac apoptotic cells in LV of mice.
Decreased LV diameter, LV thickness, and ratio of thickness to diameter in hearts.
Increased insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, phosphoinositide-3-kinases, and p-AKT/AKT ratio.
Decreased the protein products of TNF-α in LV of mice.
Decreased levels of Fas, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, t-Bid, and cleaved caspase-3.
Decreased Bak and increased antiapoptotic proteins, including Bcl-XL and ratio of p-Bad to Bad.
Decreased TUNEL-positive cardiac cells.
[25]

In vivo studyHigh fat/cholesterol-fed (HFCD) male Syrian Golden hamster (5 weeks), DSW 300, 900, and 1500 hardness, ad libitum, 6 weeks Decreased levels of serum TC, TG, atherogenic index, and malondialdehyde.
Increase in daily faecal lipid of TG and TC and bile acid outputs.
Upregulated hepatic low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) and cholesterol-7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene expressions.
Increase of serum trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).
[5]

In vivo studyKurosawa and Kusanagi-Hypercholesterolemic (KHC) rabbits (4 months), DSW 1000 hardness, 500 ml/d, 6 monthsImproved cardiovascular hemodynamics.Lowered systolic, diastolic pulse, mean arterial pressures, and total peripheral resistance.[2]