Physical-Performance Outcomes and Biomechanical Correlates from the 32-Week Yoga Empowers Seniors Study

Table 2

Results for lower-extremity muscle strength tests ().

Strength measure	Baseline ()	16 weeks ()	32 weeks ()	1 ()	Post hoc
					% change	% change
N elbow flex (Nm/kg)	0.6 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.70 (0.506)	—	—
N elbow ext (Nm/kg)	0.5 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	2.14 (0.132)	—	—
N knee flex (Nm/kg)	0.8 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.4	3.61 (0.038)	15.6%	35.8%
N knee ext (Nm/kg)	1.5 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.5	0.89 (0.418)	—	—
N hip abd (Nm/kg)	2.6 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 0.5	2.8 ± 0.7	3.14 (0.056)	—	—
Heel rise (rep.)	21.0 ± 7.0	25.2 ± 6.1	28.3 ± 5.7	11.75 (0.000)	29.9%	45.9%

N = normalized muscle strength to body weight.
and values from repeated-measure ANOVA omnibus tests.
Measurement time points at baseline (), 16 weeks (), and 32 weeks (). No significant differences between and were found in all measurements with a significant value. ns = nonsignificant; — = post hoc analysis was not performed because of nonsignificant value.
Percent change was calculated as an average of individual’s percent change between and .
Percent change was calculated as an average of individual’s percent change between and .
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