Effect of<i> Kangfuxin</i> Solution on Chemo/Radiotherapy-Induced Mucositis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Multicenter, Prospective Randomized Phase III Clinical Study

Luo, Yangkun; Feng, Mei; Fan, Zixuan; Zhu, Xiaodong; Jin, Feng; Li, Rongqing; Wu, Jingbo; Yang, Xia; Jiang, Qinghua; Bai, Hongfang; Huang, Yecai; Lang, Jinyi

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8692343

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Role of Natural Products in Ameliorating Drugs and Chemicals Toxicity

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 8692343 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8692343

Effect of Kangfuxin Solution on Chemo/Radiotherapy-Induced Mucositis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Multicenter, Prospective Randomized Phase III Clinical Study

Yangkun Luo,¹Mei Feng,¹Zixuan Fan,¹Xiaodong Zhu,²Feng Jin,³Rongqing Li,⁴Jingbo Wu,⁵Xia Yang,⁶Qinghua Jiang,¹Hongfang Bai,¹Yecai Huang,¹and Jinyi Lang¹

Academic Editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim

Received27 Oct 2015

Accepted29 Dec 2015

Published07 Jun 2016

Abstract

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Kangfuxin Solution, a pure Chinese herbal medicine, on mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Methods. A randomized, parallel-group, multicenter clinical study was performed. A total of 240 patients were randomized to receive either Kangfuxin Solution (test group) or compound borax gargle (control group) during chemoradiotherapy. Oral mucositis, upper gastrointestinal mucositis, and oral pain were evaluated by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0 and the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS). Results. Of 240 patients enrolled, 215 were eligible for efficacy analysis. Compared with the control group, the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in the test group were significantly reduced (). The time to different grade of oral mucositis occurrence (grade 1, 2, or 3) was longer in test group (), and the accumulated radiation dose was also higher in test group comparing to the control group (). The test group showed lower incidence of oral pain and gastrointestinal mucositis than the control group (). No significant adverse events were observed. Conclusion. Kangfuxin Solution demonstrated its superiority to compound borax gargle on mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy. Its safety is acceptable for clinical application.

1. Introduction

Mucositis refers to secondary mucosal damage in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, or other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It normally occurs during cancer treatment. Almost all head and neck cancer patients who receive radiotherapy experience mucositis [1]. Oral mucositis usually starts with mucosal inflammation, characterized by erythema, and fused ulcers [2]. The main clinical symptom includes pain that affects normal eating, with secondary effects such as dehydration, dysgeusia, and malnutrition. Patients with bone marrow suppression may manifest secondary infection that leads to mucositis [3]. Gastrointestinal mucositis is characterized by pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea [4]. On the one hand, severe mucositis leads to chemotherapy dose reduction or radiotherapy interruption, which affects the prognosis [5, 6]. On the other hand, it also leads to a lower quality of life, weight loss, and prolonged hospitalization as well as additional analgesic treatment, parenteral nutrition, liquid replacement therapy, and drugs for the treatment and prevention of serious infections, which increase the economic burden of patients [7–10].

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers in South China [11]. Chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment. The incidence of mucositis is 100% in patients receiving radiotherapy [12]. The main symptom is pain, and the pain grade gradually rises with increasing radiation dose [13]. Since oral mucositis caused by chemoradiotherapy is “easy to diagnose, difficult to handle,” several drugs aimed at preventing and treating mucositis have been reported in recent years. However, drugs with clear efficacy for clinical recommendation have yet to be developed or discovered [14]. Kangfuxin Solution is a pure Chinese herbal medicine that is extracted from the American cockroach. It has been shown that Kangfuxin Solution may reduce the pain and discomfort of patients after chemoradiotherapy by inhibiting radiation damage-induced opening of the calcium-dependent potassium channel, thus maintaining normal cell function [15]. It is also believed to improve neutrophil muscle actin function and increase the number of neutrophils after radiation injury [16]. In addition, it promotes the synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix in the wound site [17], thus improving the healing of mucositis caused by radiation. However, previous studies were limited by poor study design or small sample sizes and were not prospective. Therefore, the current study used a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group trial design to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Kangfuxin Solution in chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Patients

In this study, a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial was performed from August 2012 to June 2014, including 240 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who received treatment for the first time at one of the five hospitals including Sichuan Cancer Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Guizhou Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; and Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University. The study was approved by the respective hospital Ethics Committees. All the included patients provided signed informed consent. This clinical study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/) with the registration number ChiCTR-IPR-15006687.

The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: (1) histopathologically diagnosed patients without metastases; (2) patients at clinical stages I–IVB of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition (2010); (3) patients aged 18 to 70 years, either male or female; (4) patients who underwent radical chemoradiotherapy; (5) patients with a Karnofsky score ≥70 points; and (6) patients with an expected survival of at least 6 months.

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) pregnant women, nursing mothers, and other female patients who were contraindicated for contraceptives during the test; (2) patients who already had active oral diseases, including oropharyngeal candidiasis and facial herpes, or other oral diseases; (3) patients with stomatitis; (4) patients with residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma; (5) patients with severe heart, liver, kidney, blood, or nervous system or psychiatric disorders; (6) patients treated with neoadjuvant or concurrent chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil; (7) patients treated with molecular targeted therapy; (8) diabetic patients with uncontrolled blood glucose levels; (9) patients with drug allergies, either known or suspected by a drug allergy test; (10) patients with a history of alcohol and/or drug abuse; and (11) patients who had participated in clinical trials of other drugs within the past 3 months.

2.2. Drugs

Kangfuxin Solution was manufactured by Hunan Kelun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Yueyanglou District, China) (Zhunzhi: Z43020995, 100 mL/bottle, lot number: M1204191; shelf-life: 36 months). Compound borax gargle was manufactured by Yunjia Huangpu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China (Zhunzi H31022772, 250 mL/bottle, batch number: 120,308; shelf-life: 24 months).

2.3. Study Design

A multicenter, randomized, and controlled clinical trial was designed. A total of 240 subjects were randomly assigned to the test group (120 patients) or the control group (120 patients). In the test group, patients first rinsed their mouth with water before treatment to clean the oral cavity, followed by slow swallowing of 10 mL of Kangfuxin Solution, after gargling for 3 to 5 min with bulging cheeks alternating with sucking. In the control group, the patients first rinsed their mouth with water before treatment to clean the oral cavity, gargling with 10 mL of compound borax gargle for 3–5 min with bulging cheeks alternating with sucking, and spitting it out. Both Kangfuxin Solution and the compound borax gargle were administered to the patients on the first day of chemoradiotherapy, three times a day, after breakfast, lunch, and supper, respectively, until the patients were diagnosed with grade 3 oral mucositis or the patients finished the entire course of radiotherapy.

If the patients were diagnosed with grades 0–2 oral mucositis, drugs (such as Koutai, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine gargle, topical recombinant human epidermal growth factor, topical recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor, topical recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor, or watermelon cream) other than Kangfuxin Solution or compound borax gargle were used to treat oral mucositis. Hormones, antibiotics, or other treatments were not used. Any patient who received any of the above-mentioned pain control medications was excluded from the study. If the patients acquired oral fungal infections, NaHCO₃ and antifungal agents were used for mouthwash, with proper documentation. If the patients had grade 2 pain, lidocaine was administered in the form of a mouthwash, with proper documentation.

2.4. Evaluation Criteria

Patients were monitored from the first day of chemotherapy or radiotherapy until the emergence of grade 3 oral mucositis. During the course of treatment, the subjects were examined for oral mucosal inflammation, including posterior pharyngeal mucosa, upper gastrointestinal mucositis, and oral pain rating using on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0 standards [18] and the VRS standard [19], every day from 8:00 to 10:00. The grades of oral mucositis, upper gastrointestinal mucositis, and oral pain were recorded. The radiation dose was recorded with the start and end times of radiotherapy, break time, the cumulative radiation dose, drug-related adverse reactions, and withdrawal time. The primary end-point criteria for efficacy evaluation included the incidence of oral mucositis and change of grades during radiation; the secondary end-point criteria for efficacy evaluation included the incidence of gastrointestinal mucositis and a change in the grade of oral pain during radiotherapy.

2.5. Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy

All patients were treated with radical radiotherapy, using intensity modulated radiation therapy, with a dose of 66–74 Gy (2.1–2.3 Gy each time) for gross tumor volume (GTV), 60–70 Gy (2.0–2.2 Gy each time) for gross tumor volume in lymph node (GTVln), 60–66 Gy (1.8–2.0 Gy each time) for clinical target volume-1 (CTV-1), 54–60 Gy (1.8–2.0 Gy each time) for clinical target volume-2 (CTV-2), and 50 Gy (1.8–2.0 Gy each time) for neck prevention. All patients received five treatments per week. The accelerator dose rate and the accuracy of the beam in all participating hospitals were based uniformly on quality assurance, which was measured and monitored to ensure the reliability of patient radiation dose during treatment.

2.6. Randomization and Statistical Analysis

Random codes were generated by stratified block randomization, stratified by center, using SAS software. The random numbers generated by the computer were assigned to drugs by pharmacists. The drugs were sequentially distributed to subjects according to the time of enrollment. In all participating hospitals, a smaller random number was assigned to a patient enrolled earlier. The SAS statistical package was used for statistical analysis. The rank-sum test and the -test were used to evaluate the treatment for the primary end-point criteria, while the chi-squared test and rank-sum test were used to evaluate the treatment for the secondary end-point criteria. was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Demographic Characteristics

A total of 240 patients were enrolled in this trial, including 120 in the test group and 120 in the compound borax gargle group. Twenty-five patients withdrew during the trial, and therefore data from 215 cases were eventually evaluated. The demographic data are listed in Table 1. The test and control groups were similar in terms of gender, age, height, weight, Karnofsky score, past medical history, allergies, staging, chemotherapy programs, and treatment time. The differences between the two groups were not statistically significant ().

3.2. Efficacy

3.2.1. Incidence, Timing, and Grade of Oral Mucositis

Compared with the control group, the incidence and grade of oral mucositis were significantly lower in the test group (; Table 2). The incidence of grade 3 oral mucositis in the test and control groups was 40.19% and 53.70%, respectively. Comparing the grades of oral mucositis in the two groups, during the trial as well as at the end of the trial, the test drug was found to reduce the severity of oral mucositis (; Table 3).

The test group delayed the occurrence of oral mucositis. The time between start of chemoradiotherapy and occurrence of grade 1, 2, or 3 oral mucositis was significantly different between the two groups (, , and , resp.; Table 4).

When the same grade of mucositis occurred, the cumulative radiation dose in the test group was significantly greater than in the control group (, , and , resp.; Table 5).

3.2.2. Incidence of Upper Gastrointestinal Mucositis and Oral Pain

Compared with the control group, the test group showed a reduced incidence and grade of gastrointestinal mucositis (). Comparison of patients complaining of the highest level of oral pain between the two groups showed that the test drug reduced the incidence of high-grade oral pain. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant () (Table 6).

3.3. Safety Evaluation

A total of 108 cases (90.0%) of adverse events occurred in the test group, compared with 103 cases (85.3%) in the control group. However, using the chi-squared test for the incidence of adverse events in both groups, the difference was not statistically significant (). Neither group experienced serious adverse events. The severity and outcome of adverse events in the two groups were not significantly different (; ).

4. Discussion

Radiotherapy is the main treatment for NPC. For most patients with locoregionally advanced NPC, treatment includes chemotherapy, leading to further aggravation of oral mucositis. Almost 100% of such patients suffer from varying grades of mucositis [20]. Mucositis is considered the most painful side effect of radiotherapy, and approximately 15% of patients require hospitalization [21]. In addition, it also compromises the tolerance of normal tissue to radiation, thus limiting the radiation dose [22, 23]. Further, mucositis affects the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy and even leads to patient withdrawal. Recent studies have shown that abandonment or interruption of radiotherapy increases the number of residual tumor cells, the risk of recurrence, and metastasis, thus reducing the patient survival rate [24].

Radiation-induced mucositis involves a five-step mechanism [25]: (1) radiation first induces necrosis or apoptosis of epithelial cells and destruction of their compensation through proliferation, resulting in epithelial damage [26]; (2) severe damage is caused by the following mechanism [27]: oxidative stress, leading to cell, tissue, and vascular injury; (3) reactive oxygen may activate second messengers (such as nuclear transcription factor NF-κB), proinflammatory cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6), and metabolic byproducts in the microenvironment; (4) radiation or anticancer drugs cause saliva loss, which reduces the protective effect of the mucosal surface; and (5) chemoradiotherapy reduces the number of neutrophil cells, thus decreasing immunity [28].

Kangfuxin Solution promotes the growth of granulation tissue and angiogenesis, accelerates shedding of necrotic tissue, and repairs all kinds of ulcers and wound surfaces. It acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by eliminating inflammatory edema. In addition, it improves the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and lymphocytes, increases serum lysozyme activity, enhances immunity, and regulates physiological equilibration and homeostasis. Studies on rats have shown that Kangfuxin Solution increases the number and function of neutrophils after simple trauma or radiation-induced wound. It also promotes synthesis of extracellular matrix and secretion in skin wounds caused by simple trauma or radiation damage [17]. Further, Chen et al. [16] reported that radiation-induced neutrophil actin dysfunction results in reduced neutrophil phagocytic activity as well as decreased wound neutrophil numbers and function. These effects delay healing after whole-body irradiation. Kangfuxin Solution restores actin function in neutrophils, thus increasing the neutrophil population in the wound. Ye et al. [29] have shown that the differences in membranous ion channel activity in peritoneal macrophages between Kangfuxin Solution-treated and control groups were not significant. However, Kangfuxin Solution activated opening of the anion channel partially in the irradiated group, reversing the inhibition after exposure to ionizing radiation [30]. Kangfuxin Solution inhibits the opening of calcium-dependent potassium channels after radiation damage, helping to maintain normal cell function. These effects may promote wound healing [15].

According to 2013 Multinational Association for Cancer Support Treatment (MASCC)/International Association of Oral Cancer (ISOO) guidelines for secondary mucositis after cancer treatment [31], treatments for mucositis include laser therapy, cryotherapy, and drug therapy, which involve cell growth factors, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, coating agent narcotic analgesics, and natural medicine. KGF-1 is so far the only Federal Drug Administration-approved drug for the prevention of oral mucositis, but it is suitable for blood cancer [32]. Xiaoyanling gargle can be used for prophylaxis of moderate head and neck cancer- (<50 Gy) induced oral mucositis, but it is only indicated for radiotherapy [31]. Laser therapy and cryotherapy are difficult to administer in clinical practice. Amifostine is recommended for treating gastrointestinal mucositis intravenously. Compound borax gargle contains borax, sodium bicarbonate, liquefied phenol, and glycerol. Glycerol has a protective effect on the oral mucosa. In addition, it also reacts with borax and sodium bicarbonate to produce glycerin sodium borate, which enhances the drug efficacy. Since compound borax gargle is the most commonly used gargle for treating oral mucositis, it was selected as the control drug in this study.

The study showed that the incidence of oral mucositis was significantly lower in test group (). The incidence of grade 3 mucositis in the test and control groups was 40.19% and 53.70%, respectively. According to the definition of continuous ulcers or the pseudomembranes based on CTCAE v3.0, bleeding caused by small abrasions results in grade 3 mucositis. Patients often cannot eat orally, requiring hormone and antibiotic treatment, leading to radiotherapy interruption. Therefore, Kangfuxin Solution reduces the incidence of all levels of mucositis, especially high-grade mucositis, to improve patient’s tolerance to radiation, ensuring the continuity of radiotherapy. These findings were consistent with previous studies. However, in contrast to previous studies, our trial used compound borax gargle as the control drug. The preventative effect of the control drug against mucositis was reported to be stronger than the methods used in the literature, such as the compound rinse oral fluid (0.9% NaCl + gentamicin + dexamethasone + Vitamin B₁₂) [30], 0.2% chlorhexidine tinidazole peptide [33], or mouthwash gargle (0.9% NaCl + gentamicin + dexamethasone + lidocaine + Vitamin B) [34]. Thus, Kangfuxin Solution significantly reduced the incidence of mucositis, compared with the current methods commonly used clinically. In this study, grade 3 mucositis was selected as the end-point because we primarily focused on prevention. Comparing the grades of oral mucositis in the two groups, during the trial as well as at the end of the trial, the test drug also was shown to reduce the severity of oral mucositis (). This result suggested that Kangfuxin Solution was effective in reducing the incidence of high-grade mucositis. Severe mucositis is normally treated with hormones and antibiotics. Therefore, the therapeutic role of Kangfuxin Solution in severe mucositis needs further investigation.

Data from the trial showed that Kangfuxin Solution significantly delayed the time of occurrence of oral mucositis at all levels. The times of occurrence of grades 1, 2, and 3 mucositis were 18.59 ± 8.13 d, 27.98 ± 8.30 d, and 36.88 ± 7.68 d in the test group and 14.48 ± 6.51 d, 23.68 ± 9.22 d, and 30.48 ± 8.84 d in the control group, respectively (, , and , resp.). In addition, the use of Kangfuxin Solution allowed the increase of cumulative radiation dose with the emergence of mucositis at grades 1, 2, and 3 (, , and , resp.). Previous studies reported similar results. Peng [35] administered Kangfuxin Solution through inhalation to prevent radiotherapy-induced oropharyngeal mucosal reaction in 108 cases in the test group compared with 90 cases in the control group, treated with an anti-inflammatory mouthwash. The results showed that the occurrence of oral mucositis was delayed. Wang et al. [36] used Kangfuxin Solution to treat 37 NPC patients with radiation-induced oral mucosa damage. The Vitamin B₁₂ and Kangfuxin Solution-treated group tolerated a significantly higher radiation dose for the same level of oral mucosal damage. Therefore, Kangfuxin Solution increased patients’ tolerance to increased radiation dose for similar grade of oral mucositis to enable patient adherence to the complete course of radiotherapy. Therefore, treatment with Kangfuxin Solution may affect the prognosis. However, a follow-up study needs to be performed to confirm this hypothesis.

In this trial, VRS was used to evaluate oral pain. Kangfuxin Solution reduced the incidence of high-grade oral pain compared with the control group. Oral pain prevents feeding and affects the patients’ general physiological condition. It requires additional analgesic treatments, parenteral nutrition, and liquid alternative therapy [7–10]. More importantly, patients often suffer from a psychological burden resulting in higher chances of treatment nonadherence due to subjective factors. Kangfuxin Solution reduces oral pain and increases patient compliance. Kangfuxin Solution can be either used as a mouth rinse or swallowed. As a secondary efficacy end-point in this study, we also examined whether Kangfuxin Solution reduced the incidence of gastrointestinal mucositis. The results showed that Kangfuxin Solution reduced the incidence of upper gastrointestinal mucositis in the test group, compared with the control group (), suggesting a potential role in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation. However, this efficacy of Kangfuxin Solution still needs to be confirmed by rigorous clinical trials.

No serious adverse events were observed during the trial. The rate of adverse events, adverse event severity, and outcome were not significantly different between the test and control groups. These data suggest that the safety of Kangfuxin Solution is not a concern in clinical practice. Due to the user-friendly approach via mouth rinsing, the patient may generally show a better compliance than other treatments.

The drawbacks of this trial include the following: (1) lack of consensus on the evaluation of efficacy for the treatment of mucositis, due to which the current trial was designed to test for general differences rather than superiority; (2) relatively small sample size and short observation period used in this trial failure to evaluate the long-term toxicity of Kangfuxin Solution and the prognosis of NPC patients following treatment; and (3) exclusion of 5-fluorouracil- (5-FU-) treated cases, even though 5-FU is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy drugs for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The results do not indicate whether Kangfuxin Solution can be used in combination with 5-FU to treat patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Additional studies are needed to address the foregoing limitations.

In summary, Kangfuxin Solution effectively prevents chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis, reduces the incidence of upper gastrointestinal inflammation, and decreases the severity of oral pain, compared with compound borax gargle. It improves the quality of life in patients. It is effective, user-friendly, safe, and appropriate for clinical application.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

This study was funded by West China Society of Therapeutic and Radiation Oncology-RTOG, CSWOG-RTOG001.

References

M. Vera-Llonch, G. Oster, M. Hagiwara, and S. Sonis, “Oral mucositis in patients undergoing radiation treatment for head and neck carcinoma,” Cancer, vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 329–336, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Scully, J. Epstein, and S. Sonis, “Oral mucositis: a challenging complication of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiochemotherapy. Part 2: diagnosis and management of mucositis,” Head and Neck, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 77–84, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Yarom, A. Ariyawardana, A. Hovan et al., “Systematic review of natural agents for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients,” Supportive Care in Cancer, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 3209–3221, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. M. Keefe, “Intestinal mucositis: mechanisms and management,” Current Opinion in Oncology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 323–327, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. S. Elting, C. Cooksley, M. Chambers, S. B. Cantor, E. Manzullo, and E. B. Rubenstein, “The burdens of cancer therapy: clinical and economic outcomes of chemotherapy-induced mucositis,” Cancer, vol. 98, no. 7, pp. 1531–1539, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Trotti, L. A. Bellm, J. B. Epstein et al., “Mucositis incidence, severity and associated outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy: a systematic literature review,” Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 253–262, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. S. Elting, D. M. Keefe, S. T. Sonis et al., “Patient-reported measurements of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy: demonstration of increased frequency, severity, resistance to palliation, and impact on quality of life,” Cancer, vol. 113, no. 10, pp. 2704–2713, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. A. Murphy, J. L. Beaumont, J. Isitt et al., “Mucositis-related morbidity and resource utilization in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 522–532, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. S. Elting, C. D. Cooksley, M. S. Chambers, and A. S. Garden, “Risk, outcomes, and costs of radiation-induced oral mucositis among patients with head-and-neck malignancies,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1110–1120, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. J. Nonzee, N. A. Dandade, T. Markossian et al., “Evaluating the supportive care costs of severe radiochemotherapy-induced mucositis and pharyngitis,” Cancer, vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 1446–1452, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Liu, J.-O. Chen, Q.-H. Huang, and Y.-H. Li, “Trends in the survival of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma between 1976 and 2005 in Sihui, China: a population-based study,” Chinese Journal of Cancer, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 325–333, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Wang, G. Chen, W. Liu et al., “Clinical analysis of 479 cases of oral mucosa caused by radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma,” People's Military Surgeon, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 758–759, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Wang, F. Wang, and L. Kong, “Efficacy of rhGM-CSF in treatment of radiation induced oral mucosa,” Shandong Medical Journal, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 99–100, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Parulekar, R. Mackenzie, G. Bjarnason, and R. C. K. Jordan, “Scoring oral mucositis,” Oral Oncology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 63–71, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. W. Wang, “Research and analysis of gastric cancer and study on inhibition of apoptosis of cell growth of gastric cancer by Kangfuxin Liquid and Rayport tablets,” China Journal of Clinical Medicine Hygiene, vol. 4, no. 8, article 33, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Chen, T. Chen, G. Ai et al., “Effects of system irradiation and W₁₁-a₁₂ on neutrophils in wounds,” Journal of Third Military Medical University, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 287–289, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Shu and T. Chen, “Study of the heal-promoting ef fect of kangfuxin on full thickness dermal wound and dermal wound complicated with systemic gamma ray radiation in rats,” Journal of Third Military Medical University, vol. 21, pp. 64–168, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
National Cancer Institute.Common terminology criteria for adverse events v3.0 (CTCAE), 2006, http://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcaev3.pdf.
A. Williamson and B. Hoggart, “Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rating scales,” Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 798–804, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Rodríguez-Caballero, D. Torres-Lagares, M. Robles-García, J. Pachón-Ibáñez, D. González-Padilla, and J. L. Gutiérrez-Pérez, “Cancer treatment-induced oral mucositis: a critical review,” International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 225–238, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Stokman, F. K. L. Spijkervet, H. M. Boezen, J. P. Schouten, J. L. N. Roodenburg, and E. G. E. De Vries, “Preventive intervention possibilities in radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: results of meta-analyses,” Journal of Dental Research, vol. 85, no. 8, pp. 690–700, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. T. Sonis, G. Oster, H. Fuchs et al., “Oral mucositis and the clinical and economic outcomes of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 2201–2205, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Russo, R. Haddad, M. Posner, and M. Machtay, “Radiation treatment breaks and ulcerative mucositis in head and neck cancer,” Oncologist, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 886–898, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. S. Bese, J. Hendry, and B. Jeremic, “Effects o f prolongation of overall treatment time due to unplanned interruptions during radiotheray of different tumor sites and practical methods for compensation,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 654–661, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. T. Sonis, “The pathobiology of mucositis,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 277–284, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. B. Lockhart and S. T. Sonis, “Relationship of oral complications to peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet counts in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy,” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 21–28, 1979.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Al-Dasooqi, S. T. Sonis, J. M. Bowen et al., “Emerging evidence on the pathobiology of mucositis,” Supportive Care in Cancer, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 2075–2083, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Shih, C. Miaskowski, M. J. Dodd, N. A. Stotts, and L. MacPhail, “Mechanisms for radiation-induced oral mucositis and the consequences,” Cancer Nursing, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 222–229, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Ye, C. Shu, T. Chen et al., “Effect of ionizing radiation and Kangfuxin on 3T3 cell membrane calcium dependent potassium channe,” Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 3, article 290, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Wu, J. Wen, S. Wu et al., “Kangfuxin combined with thymus protein in prevention of acute radiation oral mucositis,” Chinese Journal of Medicine, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 60–61, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
R. V. Lalla, J. Bowen, A. Barasch et al., “MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy,” Cancer, vol. 120, no. 10, pp. 1453–1461, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Spielberger, P. Stiff, W. Bensinger et al., “Palifermin for oral mucositis after intensive therapy for hematologic cancers,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, no. 25, pp. 2590–2598, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Deng, “Clinical observation of kangfuxin in prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis,” Guide of China Medicine, vol. 9, no. 34, article 196, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Lao, “Effect of Kangfuxin Solution's prevention and treatment on radiotherapy-induced oral mucositi,” Youjiang Medical Journal, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 745–746, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Peng, “Clinical observation of Kangfuxin treatment of oropharyngeal mucosa reaction caused by radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma,” Journal of Guangzhou Medical College, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 290, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Wang, Y. Gao, and Y. Zhang, “Study of Kangfuxin on the prevention and treatment of acute radiation injury,” Chinese Journal of Coal Industry Medicine, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1010–1011, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2016 Yangkun Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

3085

Downloads

1320

Citations