Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

Genus Tinospora: Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology

Table 2

The compound list of genus Tinospora.


Number	Compounds	Species (part of plant)	References

Terpenoids
1	Tinocapillins C	T. capillipes (R)	[123]
2	Tinocallone A	T. capillipes (R)	[107]
3	Tinocallone B	T. capillipes (R)	[107]
4	Tinocordin	T. cordifolia	[124]
5	Tinocapillins A	T. capillipes (R)	[123]
6	Fibaruretin H	T. sagittata (R)	[125]
7	Tinocapillins B	T. capillipes (R)	[123]
8	Fibaruretin G	T. sagittata (R)	[125]
9	Sagitone	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[93]
10	Tinosponone	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
11	Tinosporaside	T. cordifolia (S)	[100, 113]
12	Tinosporaside tetraacetate	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
13	Amritoside D	T. cordifolia (S)	[109]
14	Tinocordioside	T. cordifolia (S)	[109]
15	Tinocordioside tetraacetate	T. cordifolia (S)	[109]
16	Boropetol B	T. crispa (S)	[126]
17	Tinocrisposide	T. crispa (S)	[127]
18	Boropetoside F	T. tuberculata (S)	[128]
19	(2R,5R,6S,9S,10S,12S)-15,16-Epoxy-2-hydroxy-6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cleroda-3,7,13(16),14-tetraen-17,12-olid-18-oic acid methyl ester	T. crispa	[114]
20	(5R,6S,9S,10S,12S)-15,16-Epoxy-2-oxo-6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cleroda-3,7,13(16),14-tetraen-17,12-olid-18-oic acid methyl ester	T. crispa	[91]
21	(5R,6R,8S,9R,10S,12S)-15,16-Epoxy-2-oxo-6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-17,12-olid-18-oic acid methyl ester	T. crispa	[91]
22	(2R,5R,6R,8S,9S,10S,12S)-15,16-Epoxy-2-hydroxy-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-xylopyranosyl-cleroda-3,13(),14-trien-17,12-olid-18-oic acid methyl ester	T. crispa	[91]
23	(2R,5R,6R,8R,9S,10S,12S)-15,16-Epoxy-2-hydroxy-6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-17,12-olid-18-oic acid methyl ester	T. crispa	[91]
24	(5R,6R,8S,9R,10R,12S)-15,16-Epoxy-2-oxo-6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-17,12-olid-18-oic acid methyl ester	T. crispa	[91]
25	Borapetoside B	T. crispa	[38, 91]
26	Borapetoside C	T. crispa	[38, 91]
27	Tinophylloloside	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[92]
28	Epitinophylloloside	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R) T. capillipes (R)	[107]
29	Tinoscorside C	T. cordifolia	[94]
30	Borapetoside F	T. cordifolia	[94]
31	Borapetoside B	T. cordifolia	[94]
32	Tinocrispol A	T. crispa (S)	[129]
33	Amritoside C	T. cordifolia (S)	[109]
34	2-O-Lactoylborapetoside B	T. crispa (S)	[129]
35	6′-O-Lactoylborapetoside B	T. crispa (S)	[129]
36	Borapetoside H	T. tuberculata (S)	[95]
37	Octa-O-acetylborapetoside H	T. tuberculata (S)	[95]
38	Borapetoside H	T. crispa (S)	[96]
39	Tinospinoside C	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[97]
40	Tinospinoside A	T. sagittata (Oliv.)Gagnep.(R)	[98]
41	Tinospinoside B	T. sagittata (Oliv.)Gagnep.(R)	[98]
42	Rumphioside A	T. rumphii (S)	[117]
43	Rumphioside B	T. rumphii (S)	[117]
44	Rumphioside C	T. rumphii (S)	[117]
45	Rumphioside D	T. rumphii (S)	[117]
46	Furanoid diterpene glycoside	T. cordifolia (S)	[130]
47	Cordioside	T. cordifolia (S)	[99]
48	Cordioside tetraacetate	T. cordifolia (S)	[99]
49	Cordifoliside D	T. cordifolia (S)	[100]
50	Cordifoliside E	T. cordifolia (S)	[100]
51	Boropetoside G	T. tuberculata (S)	[128]
52	Malabarolide	T. malabarica (S)	[131]
53	Tinosposinenside A	T. sinensis (S)	[101]
54	Tinosposinenside B	T. sinensis (S)	[101]
55	Tinosposinenside C	T. sinensis (S)	[101]
56	1-Deacetyltinosposide A	T. sinensis (S)	[103]
57	Tinosineside A	T. sinensis (S)	[103, 104]
58	Tinosineside B	T. sinensis (S)	[104]
59	Penta-O-acetyl-tinosineside A	T. sinensis (S)	[104]
60	Hexa-O-acetyl-tinosineside A	T. sinensis (S)	[104]
61	(3R,4R,5R,6S,8R,9S,10S,12S)-15,16-Epoxy-3,4-epoxy-6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-17,12-olid-18-oic acid methyl ester	T. crispa	[91]
62	Tinospinoside D	T. sagittata (R)	[105, 132]
63	Tinosporide	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
64	Furanolactone clerodane diterpene	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
65	Furanolactone clerodane diterpene	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
66	Tinosporicide	T. malabarica (S)	[113]
67	Jateorin	T. smilacina (S)	[114]
68	Palmatoside F	T. smilacina (S)	[114]
69	(5R,10R)-4R,8R-Dihydroxy-2S,3R:15,16-diepoxycleroda-13(16),17,12S,18,1S-dilactone	T. cordifolia (S)	[110]
70	Menispermacide	T. malabarica (S)	[127]
71	Tinosporaside	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
72	Ioa-hydroxy columbin	T. malabarica (S)	[131]
73	Tinoside	T. capillipes (Rh)	[107]
74	Isocolumbin	T. capillipes (Rh)	[107]
75	Columbin	T. craveniana (R) T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R) T. capillipes (R)	[92, 93, 106, 107, 132, 133]
76	Palmatoside C	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R) T. capillipes (R)	[93, 107, 115]
77	Fibleucin	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R) T. capillipes (R)	[93]
78	Isocolumbin	T. capillipes (R) T. sagittata (R) T. craveniana (R)	[92, 106, 107, 133]
79	Tinoside	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[106]
80	6-Hydroxy columbin	T. sagittata (R)	[92]
81	(1R,4S,5R,8S,9R,10S,12S)-15,16-Epoxy-4-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cleroda-2,13(16),14-triene-17(12),18(1)-diolide	T. crispa	[91]
82	Tinospinoside E	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[98]
83	8-Hydroxy columbin	T. cordifolia	[116, 128]
84	Tinospin E	T. sagittata (R)	[105, 112]
85	Cordifolide B	T. cordifolia (S)	[108]
86	Cordifolide C	T. cordifolia (S)	[108]
87	Furanolactone diterpene	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
88	Boropetol A	T. crispa (S)	[134]
89	Boropetoside A	T. crispa (S)	[134]
90	Cordifolide A	T. cordifolia (S)	[108]
91	Menispermacide	T. smilacina (S)	[114]
92	Borapetoside A	T. crispa	[91]
93	Tinosporaclerodanoid	T. cordifolia (S)	[102]
94	Tinotufolin A	T. tuberculata (L)	[116, 128]
95	Tinotufolin B	T. tuberculata (L)	[116, 128]
96	Amritoside B	T. cordifolia (S)	[109]
97	Tinotufolin C	T. crispa (S)	[96]
98	Methyl(1α,4αa,5α,6β,8aα)-5-2-(3-furan-3-ene-2-one)ethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-decahydro-1,2-dihydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxylate	T. rumphii (L)	[115]
99	Tinotufolin F	T. crispa (S)	[96]
100	Tinotufolin E	T. crispa (S)	[96]
101	Sagittatayunnanoside B	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[97]
102	Sagittatayunnanoside A	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[97]
103	Sagittatayunnanoside C	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[97]
104	Sagittatayunnanoside D	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[97]
105	Amritoside A	T. cordifolia (S)	[109]
106	Tinosagittone A	T. sagittata (R)	[92]
107	Tinosagittone B	T. sagittata (R)	[92]
108	Tinocapilactone A	T. capillipes	[107]
109	Tinocapilactone B	T. capillipes	[107]
110	Tinosporafuranol	T. cordifolia (S)	[102]
111	Tinosporaclerodanol	T. cordifolia (S)	[102]
112	Tinosporafurandiol	T. cordifolia (S)	[100]
113	(2aβ,3α,5aβ,6β,7α,8aα)-6-2-(3-Furanyl)ethyl-2a,3,4,5,5a,6,7,8,8a,8b-decahydro-2a,3-dihydroxy-6,7,8b-trimethyl-2H-naphtho1,8-bcfuran-2-one	T. rumphii (L)	[104–115]
114	Boropetoside D	T. tuberculata (S)	[116, 128]
115	Boropetoside E	T. tuberculata (S)	[116, 128]
116	Tinotufolin D	T. crispa (S)	[96]
117	Borapetoside E	T. rumphii (S)	[118]
118	Rumphioside I	T. rumphii (S)	[118]
119	Rumphioside F	T. rumphii (S)	[117]
120	Rumphioside E	T. rumphii (S)	[117]
121	(2R,7S,8S)-8-[(2S)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethoxytetrahydro-3-furanyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-2,8-dimethyl-10-oxo-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.0^2,7]dodec-3-ene-3-carboxylate	T. crispa	[91]
122	Borapetoside D	T. crispa	[91]
123	Baenzigeride B	T. baenzigeri (S)	[120]
124	Baenzigeroside B	T. baenzigeri (S)	[120]
125	Baenzigeride A	T. baezigeri (S)	[120]
126	Baenzigeroside A	T. baezigeri (S)	[120]
127	Cycloeuphordenol	T. malabarica (S)	[113]
128	Cycloeucalenol	T. crispa (S)	[120]
129	Cycloeucalenone	T. crispa (S)	[120]
130	Tinosinenside	T. sinensis (S)	[101]
131	11-Hydroxymustakone	T. capillipes	[61, 121, 135]
132	Tinocordiside	T. capillipes	[61, 121, 135]
133	Tinocordifolioside	T. sinensis (S) T. cordifolia (S)	[103, 122, 136]
134	Tinocordifolin	T. cordifolia (S)	[136]
135	Tinocordifolioside tetraacetate	T. cordifolia (S)	[136]
136	Angelicoidenol-2-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside	T. cordifolia	[94]

Alkaloids
137	Berberine	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
138	Palmatine	T. cordifolia (S) T. malabarica (S)	[127, 137]
139	Jatrorrhizine	T. cordifolia (S) T. capillipes (R)	[137, 138]
140	13-Hydroxycolumbamine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
141	13-Hydroxyjatrorrhizine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
142	Demethyleneberberine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
143	13-Hydroxypalmatine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
144	Columbamine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
145	Jatrorrhizine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R) T. sinensis (S)	[14, 106, 139, 140]
146	Isocolumbamine	T. hainanensis (S) T. capillipes (R) T. sagittata (R)	[106]
147	Stepharanine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
148	Dehydrodiscretamine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
149	Dehydrocorydalmine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 106, 139]
150	Palmaturbine	T. sinensis T. craveniana (R)	[14, 133, 139, 140]
151	Palmatine	T. sinensis (S) T. capillipes (R) T. craveniana (R)	[103, 106, 133, 140]
152	S-trans-N-Methyltetrahydrocolumbamine	T. hainanensis (S)	[141]
153	S-trans-Cyclanoline	T. hainanensis (S)	[141]
154	3-Hydroxy-2,9,11-trimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-isoquino3,2-a-isoquinolinylium	T. sinensis	[140]
155	4,13-Dihydroxy-2,8,9-trimethoxydibenzo [a,g] quinolizinium	T. crispa	[86]
156	Berberine	T. smilacina (S)	[92]
157	Magnoflorine	T. cordifolia (S) T. malabarica (S) T. capillipes (R)	[113, 138]
158	Menisperine	T. capillipes (R) T. cordifolia (S)	[113, 138]
159	N-Formyl anonaine	T. crispa (S) T. malabarica (S)	[113]
160	N-Formyl nornuciferine	T. crispa (S)	[113]
161	N-Acetyl nornuciferine	T. crispa (S)	[38]
162	N-Formylasimilobine-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	T. crispa (S)	[96]
163	N-Formylannonain	T. capillipes	[61, 135]
164	Magnoflorine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 106, 139]
165	Menisperine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
166	Tembetarine	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
167	Reticuline	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
168	Tembetarine	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
169	Higenamine	T. crispa	[142]
170	Adenine	T. crispa	[142]
171	Adenosine	T. crispa	[143]
172	Uridine	T. crispa	[142]
173	Salsolinol	T. crispa	[142]
174	(−)-Litcubinine	T. crispa	[142]
175	Tyramine	T. crispa	[142]
176	N-trans-Feruloyl tyramine	T. tuberdata (S)	[38]
177	N-cis-Feruloyl tyramine	T. tuberculata (S)	[36–38]
178	N-trans-Feruloyl tyramine diacetate	T. cordifolia (S)	[38, 136]
179	Kokusaginine	T. malabarica (S)	[113]
180	N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone	T. capillipes	[61, 135]
181	Choline	T. cordifolia (S)	[137]
182	2,3-Dihydroxy-N-(2S,3S,4R)-1,3,4-trihydroxyicosan-2-yltetracosanamide	T. oblongifolia	[144]

C₆-C₃-C₆
183	Tinosporinone	T. malabarica (HW)	[113]
184	5-Alloxy-6,7,4′-trimethyl flavone	T. malabarica (HW)	[113]
185	Kaempferol	T. malabarica (S)	[113]
186	Astragalin	T. malabarica (S)	[113]
187	Quercitroside	T. malabarica (S)	[113]
188	(−)-Epicatechin	T. cordifolia (S)	[145]
189	Ecoisolariciresinol	T. crispa	[38]
190	Secoisolariciresinol-9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	T. capillipes	[38, 94]
191	Sagitiside A	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[105, 112]
192	(+)-Lyoniresinol-2α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[105, 112]
193	(+)-5′-Methoxyisolariciresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	T. sagittata var. yunnanensis (R)	[105, 112]
194	3(a,4-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) tetrahydrofuran	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
195	Lirioresino-β-dimethyl ether	T. sinensis	[140]
196	Pinoresinol-di-O-glucoside	T. capillipes	[94]
197	(−)-Pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	T. sinensis (S)	[103]
198	8′-Epitanegool	T. sinensis (S)	[103]
199	Syringin	T. crispa	[142]
200	Tinoscorside D	T. capillipes	[94]
201	Cordifolioside A	T. capillipes	[38, 61, 135]
202	Docosyl-3,4-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate	T. oblongifolia	[144]
203	2-(40-Hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl lignocerate	T. oblongifolia	[144]
204	Tinotuberide	T. crispa (S)	[113]
205	Isoorientin 2′′-O-(E)-sinapate	T. crispa (L)	[146]
206	2′′-(E)-p-coumarate	T. crispa (L)	[146]
207	Cosmosiin 6′′-(E)-ferulate	T. crispa (L)	[146]
208	Cosmosiin 6′′-(E)-cinnamate	T. crispa (L)	[146]

Steroids
209	β-Sitosterol	T. oblongifolia	[144]
210	β-Sitosterol glycoside	T. oblongifolia	[144]
211	β-Sitosterol	T. cordifolia (S) T. sinensis (S) T. craveniana (R)	[102, 140]
212	2-Deoxy crustecdysone	T. capillipes (R)	[113]
213	2-Deoxy-3-epicrustecdysone	T. capillipes (R)	[113]
214	2-Deoxy-3-epicrustecdysone-3-O-D-glucopyranoside	T. capillipes (R)	[113]
215	20α-Hydroxy ecdysone	T. cordifolia (S)	[113]
216	20β-Hydroxy-ecdysone-2-O-β-glucopyranoside	T. craveniana (R)	[147]
217	20β-Hydroxyecdysone	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R) T. craveniana (R)	[14, 106, 133, 139]
218	2-Deoxy-20β-hydroxyecdysone	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 106, 139]
219	2-Deoxy-3-epi-20β-hydroxyecdysone	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 139]
220	2-Deoxy-20β-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-glucopyranoside	T. sagittata (R) T. capillipes (R)	[14, 106, 139]
221	Polypodine B 20,22-acetonide	T. cordifolia	[94]
222	Makisterone A	T. hainanensis (S)	[148]
223	24-Epi-makisterone A	T. hainanensis (S)	[148]