Cellular study (RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells)
Anti-inflammatory
Reducing levels of iNOS, COX-2, necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6 through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation via the suppression of ERK and p38 phosphorylation [9]
Management of risk factors
Leonurus cardiaca L.
Aerial parts
Primary and refined extracts
Cellular and organ studies (rabbit, rat, and guinea pig)
Decreasing the blood pressure, heart rate and increasing coronary blood flow and treating ventricular or sinus tachyarrhythmias [37]
Inhibiting the inward calcium (ICaL) and potassium (IKr) channels, lengthening Q-T, P-Q intervals and the activation time constant of I (f) in pacemaker cells [37, 38]
Rate control and management of risk factors
Aerial parts
Clinical research
Fibrinolysis effect and antiplatelet aggregation
Decreasing blood viscosity, fibrinogen volume and increasing the deformability of Rbc [39]