Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases

Table 5

Essential oil studies showing efficacy against Gram-negative pathogens associated with skin infections.

Essential		Species			Main	Reference
Abies balsamea (fir)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (31.00%), bornyl acetate (14.90%), -3-carene (14.20%)	[99]
Abies holophylla (Manchurian fir)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 10536)	DMSO	21.8 mg/mL	Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol (28.05%), -3-carene (13.85%), -pinene (11.68%), camphene (10.41%)	[111]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)
		E. coli (ATCC 33312)
		P. aeruginosa (NCTC 10490)		21.80 mg/mL
Abies koreana (Korean fir)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 10536)	DMSO	21.8 mg/mL	Bornyl ester (41.79%), camphene (15.31%), -pinene (11.19%)	[111]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)
		E. coli (ATCC 33312)		10.9 mg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (NCTC 10490)		21.80 mg/mL
Achillea millefolium (yarrow)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	Tween 80	NI	Eucalyptol (24.60%), camphor (16.70%), -terpineol (10.20%)	[112]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)
Achillea setacea (bristly yarrow)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)	0.5% Tween 80	72.00 mg/mL	Sabinene (10.80%), eucalyptol (18.50%)	[113]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		72.00 mg/mL
Achillea teretifolia (bristly yarrow)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		36.00 mg/mL	Eucalyptol (19.90%), camphor (11.10%), borneol (11.90%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		72.00 mg/mL
Angelica archangelica (angelica) root	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	-Phellandrene (18.50%), -pinene (13.70%), -phellandrene (12.60%), -3-carene (12.10%)	[99]
Angelica archangelica (angelica) seed					-Phellandrene (59.20%)
Aniba rosaeodora (rosewood)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	n.m.	0.40 mg/mL	NCR	[85]
Anthemis aciphylla var. discoidea (chamomile), flowers	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	DMSO	1.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (39.00%), terpinen-4-ol (32.10%)	[114]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		0.25 mg/mL
Anthemis aciphylla var. discoidea (chamomile), aerial parts	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	DMSO	1.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (49.40%), terpinen-4-ol (21.80%)	[114]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Anthemis aciphylla var. discoidea (chamomile), leaves	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	DMSO	0.50 mg/mL	Terpinen-4-ol (24.30%)	[114]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Anthemis nobilis (chamomile)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	2-Methylbutyl-2-methyl propanoic acid (31.50%), limonene (18.30%), 3-methylpentyl-2-butenoic acid (16.70%), isobutyl isobutyrate (10.00%)	[99]
Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Estragole (82.60%)	[99]
Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle)	ADM	E. coli (NCTC 8196)	Tween 80	0.03% v/v	Geranial (51.40%), neral (40.90%)	[115]
		P. aeruginosa (NCTC 6750)		2.00% v/v
Boswellia carteri (frankincense) (9 samples)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Acetone	4.00–12.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (4.80–40.40%), myrcene (1.60–52.40%), limonene (1.90–20.40%), -thujene (0.30–52.40%), -cymene (2.70–16.90%), -pinene (0.30–13.10%)	[116]
Boswellia frereana (frankincense) (3 samples)				4.00–6.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (2.00–64.70%), -thujene (0.00–33.10%), -cymene (5.40–16.90%)
Boswellia neglecta (frankincense)		E. coli (ATCC 8739)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	NCR	[117]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		6.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (43.40%), -pinene (13.10%)	[116]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)		1.30 mg/mL	NCR	[117]
Boswellia papyrifera (frankincense)		E. coli (ATCC 8739)		3.30 mg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)		1.50 mg/mL
Boswellia rivae (frankincense)		E. coli (ATCC 8739)		3.00 mg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)		1.00 mg/mL
Boswellia sacra (frankincense) (2 samples)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		4.00–6.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (18.30–28.00%), -thujene (3.90–11.20%), limonene (11.20–13.10%)	[116]
Boswellia spp. (frankincense) (4 samples)				6.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (18.80–24.20%), limonene (11.70–19.00%)
Boswellia thurifera (frankincense)					-Pinene (28.00%), limonene (14.60%)
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	Bicyclosesquiphellandrene (19.50%), -farnesene (13.90%)	[99]
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang), heads				1.50 mg/mL	Benzyl acetate (31.90%), linalool (27.00%), methyl benzoate (10.40%)
Canarium luzonicum (elemi)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Limonene (41.90%), elemol (21.60%), -phellandrene (11.40%)	[99]
Carum carvi (caraway)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Limonene (27.60%), carvone (67.50%)	[99]
		P. aeruginosa	DMSO	16.00 μg/mL	DL-Limonene (53.35%), -selinene (11.08%), -elemene (10.09%)	[118]
Caryophyllus aromaticus (clove)	ADM90	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 and 15 clinical isolates)	Tween 80	3.00 mg/mL	Eugenol (75.85%), eugenyl acetate (16.38%)	[119]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922 and 15 clinical isolates)
Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon)	MIC	P. aeruginosa	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	trans-Caryophyllene (17.18%), eugenol (14.67%), linalool L (14.52%), trans-cinnamyl acetate, (13.85%), cymol (11.79%), cinnamaldehyde (11.25%)	[118]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	MAC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	75% ethanol	200.00 mg/L	NCR	[231]
		E. coli (10 clinical strains)		400.00 mg/L
	ADM	E. coli	DMSO	1.25 μL/mL	NCR	[232]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)	10% DMSO	1.6 mg/mL	Cinnamaldehyde (52.42%)	[80]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	75% ethanol	400.00 mg/L	NCR	[231]
		P. aeruginosa (clinical strain)
	ADM	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	10% DMSO	0.80 mg/mL	Cinnamaldehyde (52.42%)	[80]
	MIC		Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Eugenol (80.00%)	[99]
	ADM90	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 and 15 clinical isolates)	Tween 80	0.80 mg/mL	Cinnamaldehyde (86.31%)	[119]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922 and 15 clinical isolates)		0.25 mg/mL
Citrus aurantifolia (lime)	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	10% DMSO	6.40 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), flowers	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	10% DMSO	1.25 mg/mL	Limonene (27.50%), -terpineol (14.00%), -nerolidol (17.50%), -terpinyl acetate (11.7%)	[120]
		E. coli (ATCC 8739)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)		2.50 mg/mL
Citrus aurantium (petitgrain)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (54.90%), linalool (21.10%)	[99]
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	MAC	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	n.m.	5.0 μL/mL	Bergamol (16.10%), linalool (14.02%), D-limonene (13.76%)	[62]
Citrus grandis (grapefruit)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Limonene (74.80%)	[99]
	ADM	E. coli	DMSO	2.5 μL/mL	NCR	[232]
Citrus medica limonum (lemon)	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	10% DMSO	6.4 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		12.80 mg/mL
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL		[99]
Citrus sinensis (orange)	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	10% DMSO	12.8 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
	MAC	E. coli (ATCC 10536)	0.1% ethanol	1.875 mg/L		[121]
	ADM	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	10% DMSO	12.80 mg/mL		[80]
	MAC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)	0.1% ethanol	1.88 mg/mL		[121]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Limonene (93.20%)	[99]
Commiphora guidotti (myrrh)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	( )--Ocimene (52.60%), -santalene (11.10%), ()--bisabolene (16.00%)	[117]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)		1.40 mg/mL
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)		E. coli (ATCC 8739)		1.00 mg/mL	Furanogermacrene (15.9%), furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (44.3%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)		0.50 mg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)		4.00 mg/mL	Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (57.70%), lindestrene (16.30%)	[99]
Coriandrum sativum (coriander), seed	MIC	E. coli (7 clinical isolates)	0.5% DMSO with Tween 80	0.14 mg/mL	NCR	[122]
Cumin cymene (cumin) (6 samples)				0.30 mg/mL
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	10% DMSO	6.02–23.60 μg/mL	-Pinene (20.00–60.50%), -3-carene (1.00–15.60%), umbellulone (0.80–18.40%)	[123]
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress), branches		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		0.37 μg/mL	-Pinene (58.60%), -3-carene (15.60%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		11.80 μg/mL
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress), female cones		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		2.95 μg/mL	-Pinene (60.50%), -3-carene (15.30%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		6.02 μg/mL
Cupressus arizonica (smooth cypress), leaves		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		0.38 μg/mL	-Pinene (20.00%), umbellulone (18.40%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		23.60 μg/mL
Cupressus sempervirens (cypress)		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (41.20%), -3-carene (23.70%)	[99]
Cymbopogon giganteus (lemongrass)	MIC	E. coli (CIP 105182)	0.5% ethanol	6.3 mg/mL	Limonene (42.00%), trans--mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (14.20%), cis--mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (12.00%)	[124]
		P. aeruginosa (CRBIP 19.249)		70.00 mg/mL
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	MIC	E. coli (CIP 105182)	0.5% ethanol	10 mg/mL	Geranial (48.1%), neral (34.6%), myrcene (11.0%)	[124]
	MAC	E. coli (clinical isolate VR 12 and MTCC 424)	Sodium taurocholate	1.66–3.33 μL/mL	Citral (72.80%)	[125, 126]
		P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424 and clinical isolate VR 6)		11.60–20.00 μL/mL
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (CRBIP 19.249)	0.5% ethanol	80.00 mg/mL	Geranial (48.10%), neral (34.60%), myrcene (11.00%)	[124]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Geranial (44.80%)	[99]
		P. aeruginosa	DMSO	16.00 μg/mL	Geranial (47.34%), -myrcene (16.53%), Z-citral (8.36%)	[118]
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	MAC	E. coli (clinical isolate VR 12 and MTCC 424)	sodium taurocholate	1.66–4.16 μL/mL	Geraniol (61.60%)	[125, 126]
		P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424 and clinical isolate VR 6)		8.33–20.00 μL/mL
Cymbopogon nardus (citronella)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Citronellal (38.30%), geraniol (20.70%), citronellol (18.80%)	[99]
Daucus carota (carrot seed)				3.00 mg/mL	Carotol (44.40%)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (eucalyptus)	ADM	E. coli	DMSO	5.00 μL/mL	NCR	[232]
	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL		[130]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		1.00 mg/mL
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	ADM	E. coli (ATCC3428)	Tween 20	51.36 μg/mL	Eucalyptol (47.20%), (+)-spathulenol (18.10%)	[81]
	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Tween 80	10.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (81.93%)	[128]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		10.00 mg/mL		[128]
	MAC	E. coli (clinical isolate and MTCC 424)	Sodium taurocholate	1.66–3.33 μL/mL	Cineole (23.20%)	[125, 126]
		P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424 and clinical isolate VR 6)		8.33–20.00 μL/mL
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	DMSO	0.10% v/v	NCR	[129]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (58.00%), -terpineol (13.20%)	[99]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		2.00 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		1.00 mg/mL
Eucalyptus radiata (eucalyptus)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (), -terpineol ()	[130]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		1.00 mg/mL		[130]
Eucalyptus citriodora (eucalyptus)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		2.00 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		1.00 mg/mL		[130]
Eucalyptus smithii (eucalyptus)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		2.00 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		2.00 mg/mL		[130]
Eucalyptus dives (eucalyptus)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		2.00 mg/mL	NCR	[130]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		1.00 mg/mL		[130]
Eucalyptus intertexta (eucalyptus)		E.coli (ATCC 10536)	10% DSMO	15.6 μg/mL	NCR	[131]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		NI
Eucalyptus largiflorens (eucalyptus)		E.coli (ATCC 10536)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Foeniculum dulce (fennel)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	3.00 mg/mL	-Anethole (79.10%)	[99]
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)	MAC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	DMSO	0.25 mg/mL	trans-Anethole (68.53%), estragole (10.42%)	[132]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)		10.00 mg/mL
	MIC	P. aeruginosa		16.00 μg/mL	trans-Anethole (33.3%), DL-limonene (19.66%), carvone (12.03%)	[118]
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) (6 samples)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		1000.00–2000.00 μg/mL	Fenchone (16.90–34.70%), estragole (2.50–66.00%), trans-anethole (7.90–77.70%)	[133]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		62.50–500 μg/mL
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare (fennel), Aurelio	MAC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	Tween 20	100.00 μg/mL	Limonene (16.50–21.50%), ()-anethole (59.80–66.00%)	[134]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		50.00 μg/mL
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare (fennel), Spartaco		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		50.00–100.00 μg/mL	Limonene (0.20–17.70%), ()-anethole (66.30–90.40%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		≥100.00 μg/mL
Geranium dissectum (geranium)	MAC	P. aeruginosa	DMSO	16.00 μg/mL	-Citronellol (25.45%), geraniol (13.83%)	[118]
Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop)	MAC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Isopinocamphone (48.70%), pinocamphone (15.50%)	[99]
Jasminum sambac (jasmine)	MAC	E. coli (MTCC 443)	Sodium taurocholate	31.25 μL/mL	Linalool (59.00%), benzyl acetate (22.50%)	[233]
Juniperus excelsa (juniper), berries, Ohrid	ADM	E. coli (25927)	50% DSMO	50.00%	Sabinene (58.85%)	[87]
Juniperus officinalis (juniper), berry	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Tween 80	20.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (39.760%)	[128]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Juniperus virginiana (juniper)		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Thujopsene (29.80%), cedrol (14.90%), -cedrene (12.40%)	[99]
Juniperus virginiana (juniper), berries					-Pinene (20.50%), myrcene (13.70%), bicyclosesquiphellandrene (10.70%)
Kunzea ericoides (Kānuka)	MAC	E. coli (ATCC 11229)	Tween 80	2.00% v/v	-pinene (61.60%)	[137]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)		2.00% v/v
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	-Pinene (26.20–46.70%), p-cymene (5.80–19.10%)	[138]
Laurus nobilis (bay)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.67 mg/mL	Eugenol (57.20%), myrcene (14.30%), chavicol (12.70%)	[99]
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	10% DSMO	730.1 μg/mL	Linalool (25.10%), linalyl acetate (22.50%)	[139]
		E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418)		722.2 μg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662)		1040.00 μg/mL
		E. coli (ATCC 11775)	Acetone	6.20 mg/mL	Linalool (30.80%), linalyl acetate (31.30%)	[140]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)		8.60 mg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)		2.00 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (36.70%), linalool (31.40%), terpinen-4-ol (14.90%)	[99]
Lavandula dentata (French lavender)		E. coli (BNI 2)	5% DMSO	2.20 mg/mL	Camphor (12.40%)	[141]
Lavandula officinalis (lavender)		P. aeruginosa	DMSO	16.00 μg/mL	-3-Carene (17.14%), -fenchene (16.79%), diethyl phthalate (13.84%)	[118]
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender)		E. coli (STCC 471)	Tween 80	8.00 μL/mL	10s,11s-Himachala-3(12),4-diene (23.62%), cubenol (16.19%)	[142]
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender), flower		E. coli (NRRL B-3008)	20% DMSO	250.00 μg/mL	-Fenchone (39.20%)	[47]
		P. aeruginosa (NRRL B-23)
Lavandula stoechas (French lavender), leaf		E. coli (NRRL B-3008)		250.00 μg/mL	-Fenchone (41.90%), 1,8-cineole (15.60%), camphor (12.10%)
		P. aeruginosa (NRRL B-23)		500.00 μg/mL
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	MAC	E. coli (ATCC 11229)	Tween 80	2.00% v/v	(−)-(E)-Calamenene (14.50%), leptospermone (17.60%)	[137]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)		0.85% v/v
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	Acetone	4.00 mg/mL	Eudesma-4(14),11-diene (6.20–14.50%), -selinene (5.90–13.50%), ()-methyl cinnamate (9.20–19.50%)	[138]
Litsea cubeba (May Chang)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Geranial (45.60%), nerol (31.20%)	[99]
Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile)				4.00 mg/mL	Bisabolene oxide A (46.90%), -farnesene (19.20%)	[99]
Matricaria recutita (German chamomile)	ADM90	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 and 15 clinical isolates)	Tween 80	54.40 mg/mL	Chamazulene (31.48%), -bisabolol (15.71%), bisabolol oxide (15.71%)	[119]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922 and 15 clinical isolates)
Matricaria songarica (chamomile)	MIC	E. coli (CCTCC AB91112)	Tween 80	100 μg/mL	--Farnesene (10.58%), bisabolol oxide A (10.46%)	[143]
		P. aeruginosa (CCTCC AB93066)		200.00 μg/mL
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 10536)	Tween 80	0.12% v/v	NCR	[147]
		E. coli (110 clinical isolates)		0.12–0.25% v/v
		E. coli (AG100)	n.m.	0.25% (v/v)	Terpinen-4-ol (39.80%), -terpinene (17.80%)	[149, 150]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)	None used	0.25% (v/v)	Terpinen-4-ol (40.00%), -terpinen (13.00%), p-cymene (13.00%)	[97]
		E. coli (ATCC 11775)	Acetone	3.70 mg/mL	Terpinen-4-ol (38.60%), -terpinene (21.60%)	[140]
	MAC	E. coli (ATCC 11229)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	-Terpinene (11.40%), -terpinene (22.50%), terpinen-4-ol (35.20%)	[137]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)		1.00% v/v
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (NCTC 6749)	n.m.	8.00% (v/v)	Terpinen-4-ol (39.80%), -terpinene (17.80%)	[150]
		P. aeruginosa (10 clinical isolates)	Tween 80	2.00–5.00% v/v	terpinen-4-ol (35.70%)	[152]
	ADM	P. aeruginosa (NCTC 6750)	0.5% Tween 20	2.00% v/v	Terpinen-4-ol (42.80%), -terpinene (18.20%)	[115]
		E. coli (NCTC 8196)		0.20% v/v		[115]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (NCIB 8295)	n.m.	12.50% v/v	NCR	[145]
	MIC90	P. aeruginosa (30 clinical isolates)	Tween 80	4.00%	Terpinen-4-ol (40.30%), -terpinene (19.70%)	[234]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	Acetone	8.60 mg/mL	Terpinen-4-ol (38.60%), -terpinene (21.60%)	[140]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Terpinen-4-ol (49.30%), -terpinene (16.90%)	[99]
Melaleuca cajuputi (cajuput)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Tween 80	5.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (67.60%)	[128]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)		1.90% v/v	1,8-Cineole (55.50%)	[137]
		E. coli (ATCC 11229)		0.40% v/v
Melaleuca quinquenervia (niaouli)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 11229)	Tween 80	0.40% v/v	1,8-Cineole (61.20%)	[137]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)		1.90%v/v
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (45.90%), -terpinene (21.00%)	[99]
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662)	10% DSMO	1000.30 μg/mL	Citronellal (20.50%), -citronellol (11.50%), geraniol (17.00%)	[139]
		E. coli (ATCC 8739)		442.30 μg/mL
		E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418)		567.40 μg/mL
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)	n.m.	10.00 mg/mL	NCR	[85]
Mentha piperita (peppermint)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Tween 80	0.6 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (12.06%), menthone (22.24%), menthol (47.29%)	[128]
	MAC	E. coli (clinical isolate and MTCC 424)	Sodium taurocholate	1.66–2.50 μL/mL	Menthol (36.40%)	[125, 126]
	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 11775)	Acetone	5.70 mg/mL	Menthone (18.20%), menthol (42.90%)	[140]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)	DMSO	1.25–2.50 mg/mL	Menthol (27.50–42.30%), menthone (18.40–27.90%)	[155]
			n.m.	3.20 mg/mL	NCR	[85]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	Tween 80	20.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineol (12.06%), menthone (22.24%), menthol (47.29%)	[128]
		P. aeruginosa	DMSO	≤1.00 μg/mL	Menthone (40.82%), carvone (24.16%)	[118]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)		0.10% v/v	NCR	[129]
	MAC	P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424 and clinical isolate VR 6)	Sodium taurocholate	10.00–20.00 μL/mL	Menthol (36.40%)	[125, 126]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	Acetone	8.60 mg/mL	Menthone (18.20%), menthol (42.90%)	[140]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	DMSO	2.50–5.00 mg/mL	Menthol (27.50–42.30%), menthone (18.40–27.90%)	[155]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Menthol (47.50%), menthone (18.60%)	[99]
		E. coli (CIP 105182)	Ethanol	40.0 mg/mL	Menthol (39.30%), menthone (25.20%)	[156]
		P. aeruginosa (CRBIP 19.249)	0.5% ethanol	80.00 mg/mL
Myrtus communis (myrtle)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Myrtenyl acetate (28.20%), 1,8-cineole (25.60%), -pinene (12.50%)	[99]
	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 35218)	Tween 20	11.20 mg/mL	NCR	[157]
Ocimum basilicum (basil)	MIC	E. coli (CIP 105182)	Ethanol	8.30 mg/mL	Linalool (57.00%), eugenol (19.20%)	[156]
	MAC	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	n.m.	1.25 μL/mL	Eugenol (62.60%), caryophyllene (21.51%)	[62]
	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	96% ethanol	8.00 μL/mL	Estragole (86.4%)	[223]
		E. coli (ESBL+) (4 clinical strains from wounds)		8.50–9.25 μL/mL
		E. coli (ESBL−) (4 clinical strains from wounds)		10.00–11.50 μL/mL
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (CRBIP 19.249)	0.5% ethanol	80.00 mg/mL	Linalool (57.00%), eugenol (19.20%)	[156]
	MAC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	Tween 80	0.0030% v/v	Linalool (54.95%), methyl chavicol (11.98%)	[158]
		P. aeruginosa (clinical isolate)
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.67 mg/mL	Linalool (54.10%)	[99]
	MIC90	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	n.m.	160.00 μg/mL	Methyl chavicol (46.90%), geranial (19.10%), neral (15.15%)	[159]
	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 35210)	Tween 80	0.18–5.40 μg/mL	Linalool (30.30–58.60%)	[160]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		0.11–11.74 μg/mL
Origanum acutidens (Turkey oregano)	MIC	E. coli (A1)	10% DMSO	62.50 μg/mL	Carvacrol (72.00%)	[161]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC9027)		125.00 μg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC27859)		125.00 μg/mL
Origanum majorana (marjoram)		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	DMSO	0.05% v/v	NCR	[129]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (46.00%), linalool (26.10%)	[99]
Origanum microphyllum (oregano)		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 227853)	Tween 80	NI	Terpin-4-ol (24.86%), -terpinene (13.83%), linalool (10.81%)	[162]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		3.35 mg/mL
Origanum scabrum (oregano)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		0.28 mg/mL	Carvacrol (74.86%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 227853)		1.27 mg/mL
Origanum vulgare (oregano)	MAC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	75% ethanol	200.00 mg/L	NCR	[231]
		E. coli (10 clinical isolates)		200.00–400.00 mg/L
		E. coli (ATCC 8739)	n.m.	0.63 μL/mL	Carvacrol (30.17%), -cymene (15.20%), -terpinen (12.44%)	[62]
	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 35218)	Tween 20	0.70 mg/mL	NCR	[157]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	75% ethanol	800.00 mg/L		[231]
		P. aeruginosa (clinical isolate)		400.00 mg/L
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 2730)	n.m.	1648.00 mg/L		[164]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	DMSO	0.20% v/v		[129]
Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Greek oregano)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	10% DMSO and Tween 80	512.00 μg/mL	Linalool (96.31%)	[165]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare (oregano)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		213.30 μg/mL	Thymol (58.31%), carvacrol (16.11%), -cymene (13.45%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		256.00 μg/mL
Pelargonium graveolens (geranium)	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	10% DMSO	6.40 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
		E. coli (ATCC 35218)	Tween 20	5.60 mg/mL		[157]
	MIC	E. coli (clinical strains isolated from wounds)	Ethanol	3.00–3.75 mL/mL	Citronellol (26.70%), geraniol (13.40%)	[166]
	ADM	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	10% DMSO	12.80 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa	Ethanol	9.25–10.50 mL/mL.	Citronellol (26.70%), geraniol (13.40%)	[166]
Pelargonium odoratissimum (geranium)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Citronellol (34.20%), geraniol (15.70%)	[99]
Perovskia abrotanoides (Russian sage)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	10% DMSO	8.00 μL/mL	Camphor (23.00%), 1,8-cineole (22.00%), -pinene (12.00%)	[167]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)
Pimpinella anisum (anise)	MIC	E. coli	DMSO	500.00 μg/mL	NCR	[168]
		P. aeruginosa
		P. aeruginosa		16.00 μg/mL	Anethole (64.82%)	[118]
Pinus sylvestris (pine)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Bornyl acetate (42.30%), camphene (11.80%), -pinene (11.00%)	[99]
Piper nigrum (black pepper)		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	-Caryophyllene (33.80%), limonene (16.40%)	[99]
Pogostemon cablin (patchouli)	MIC	E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418)	10% DSMO	530.2 μg/mL	-Guaiene (13.80%), -bulnesene (17.10%), patchouli alcohol (22.70%)	[139]
		E. coli (ATCC 8739)		410.7 μg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662)		1200.00 μg/mL
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	2.00 mg/mL	Patchouli alcohol (37.30%), -bulnesene (14.60%), -guaiene (12.50%)	[99]
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	Tween 80	0.25% v/v	1,8-Cineole (27.23%), -pinene (19.43%), camphor (14.26%), camphene (11.52%)	[169]
		E. coli (ATCC 8739)	10% DSMO	733.70 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (29.20%), (+)-camphor (17.20%)	[139]
		E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418)		810.70 μg/mL
		E. coli (ATCC 8739)	Tween 80	0.03% (v/v)	1,8-Cineole (26.54%), -pinene (20.14%), camphene (11.38%), camphor (12.88%)	[170]
		E. coli (MTCC 723)	n.m.	11.00 mg/mL	NCR	[171]
		E. coli (ATCC 8739)	Hexane	0.47–3.75 mg/mL	-Pinene (8.14–11.47)%, 1,8-cineole (10.56–11.91%), camphor (16.57–16.89%), verbenone (17.43–23.79%), bornyl acetate (9.19–11.62%)	[171]
	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	10% DMSO	6.40 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
		E. coli (ATCC 35218)	Tween 20	11.20 mg/mL		[157]
	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 11775)	Acetone	4.50 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (41.40%), -pinene (13.30%), camphor (12.40%)	[140]
	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	96% ethanol	18.50 μL/mL	1,8-Cineole (46.40%), camphor (11.40%), -pinene (11.00%)	[223]
		E. coli (ESBL+) (4 clinical strains from wounds)		18.50–19.25 μL/mL
		E. coli (ESBL−) (4 clinical strains from wounds)		18.25 μL/mL–20.0 μL/mL
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	Tween 80	1.00%v/v	1,8-Cineole (27.23%), -pinene (19.43%), camphor (14.26%), camphene (11.52%)	[169]
		P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662)	10% DSMO	1113.30 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (29.20%), (+)-camphor (17.20%)	[139]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	Tween 80	0.10% v/v	1,8-Cineole (26.54%), -pinene (20.14%), camphene (11.38%), camphor (12.88%)	[170]
		P. aeruginosa (MTCC 741)	n.m.	11.00 mg/mL	NCR	[171]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	DMSO	0.20% v/v		[129]
	ADM	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	10% DMSO	6.40 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	Acetone	6.20 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (41.40%), -pinene (13.30%), camphor (12.40%)	[140]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)		2.00 mg/mL	1,8-Cineole (48.00%)	[99]
	ADM90	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 and 15 clinical isolates)	Tween 80	79.91 mg/mL	Camphor (27.51%), limonene (21.01%), myrcene (11.19%), -pinene (10.37%)	[119]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922 and 15 clinical isolates)		79.35 mg/mL
Salvia bracteata (sage)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Tween 20	>100.00 μg/mL	Caryophyllene oxide (16.60%)	[173]
	MAC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
Salvia eremophila (sage)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 10536)	10% DMSO	500.00 μg/mL	Borneol (21.83%), -pinene (18.80%), bornyl acetate (18.68%)	[174]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		NI
Salvia nilotica (sage)	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	n.m.	NI	trans-Caryophyllene (10.90%)	[175]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 227853)		7.80 mg/mL
Salvia officinalis (sage)	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 35218)	Tween 20	11.2 mg/mL	NCR	[157]
	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	10% DSMO	475.0 μg/mL	1,8-Cineol (27.40%), -thujone (16.30%), -thujone (11.20%), borneol (10.40%)	[139]
		E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418)		548.0 μg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662)		1250.30 μg/mL
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	DMSO	0.20% v/v	NCR	[129]
	ADM	P. aeruginosa (clinical strain)	n.m.	7.50 mg/mL	NCR	[176]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		3.75 mg/mL
		E. coli (clinical strain)		7.50 mg/mL
Salvia ringens (sage)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	n.m.	3.25 mg/mL	-Pinene (12.85%), 1,8-cineole (46.42%)	[177]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 227853)		3.75 mg/mL
Salvia rosifolia (sage) (3 samples)		E. coli (NRRL B 3008)	20% DMSO	250–1000 μg/mL	-Pinene (15.70–34.80%), 1,8-cineole (16.60–25.10%), -pinene (6.70–13.50%)	[178]
		P. aeruginosa (NRRL B 23)		250.00–500.00 μg/mL
Salvia rubifolia (sage)		E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Tween 20	100 μg/mL	-Muurolene (11.80%).	[173]
Salvia sclarea (clary sage)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	3.50 mg/mL	Linalyl acetate (72.90%), linalool (11.90%)	[99]
Santalum album (sandalwood)				0.50 mg/mL	-Santalol (32.10%)
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)				3.00 mg/mL	Cinnamyl alcohol (44.80%), benzene propanol (21.70%)
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	Tween 80	0.50% v/v	Eugenol (68.52%), -caryophyllene (19.00%), 2-methoxy-4-[2-propenyl]phenol acetate (10.15%)	[169]
	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	10% DMSO	1.6 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	Tween 80	0.13% v/v	Eugenol (68.52%), -caryophyllene (19.00%), 2-methoxy-4-[2-propenyl]phenol acetate (10.15%)	[169]
	ADM	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	10% DMSO	1.60 mg/mL	NCR	[80]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa	DMSO	16.00 μg/mL	Eugenol (84.07%), isoeugenol (10.39%)	[118]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Eugenol (82.20%), eugenol acetate (13.20%)	[99]
Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold)	MIC90	E. coli (ATCC 8739)	n.m.	165.00 μg/mL	Dihydrotagetone (33.90%), -ocimene (19.90%), tagetone (16.10%)	[159]
Tagetes patula (French marigold)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	( )--Ocimene (41.30%), -tagetone (11.20%), verbenone (10.90%)	[99]
Thymus capitatus (thyme)	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Tween 80	900.00 μg/mL	-Cymene (26.40%), thymol (29.30%), carvacrol (10.80%)	[181]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		900.00 μg/mL
Thymus capitatus (thyme), commercial		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		900.00 μg/mL	-Pinene (25.20%), linalool (10.30%), thymol (46.10%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		900.00 μg/mL
Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Gennargentu		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		450 μg/mL	Thymol (46.90%), carvacrol (20.60%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		900.00 μg/mL
Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Limbara		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		450 μg/mL	-Cymene (27.60%), thymol (50.30%)
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)		900.00 μg/mL
Thymus hyemalis (thymol, thymol/linalool, carvacrol chemotypes) (thyme)	MAC	E. coli (CECT 516)	95% ethanol	<0.2–2.0 μL/mL	-Cymene (16.00–19.80%), linalool (2.10–16.60%), thymol (2.90–43.00%), carvacrol (0.30–40.10%)	[61]
Thymus numidicus	ADM	P. aeruginosa (clinical strain)	n.m.	0.47 mg/mL	NCR	[176]
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)		0.12 mg/mL
		E. coli (clinical strain)		0.23 mg/mL
Thymus schimperi (thyme)	ADM	E. coli	DMSO	0.63 μL/mL	NCR	[232]
Thymus serpyllum (thyme)		E. coli (ATCC 35218)	Tween 20	0.70 mg/mL		[157]
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	MIC	E. coli	DMSO	62.50 μg/mL	NCR	[168]
		E. coli (ATCC 8739)	10% DSMO	430.40 μg/mL	p-Cymene (17.90%), thymol (52.40%)	[139]
		E. coli (ampicillin-resistant NCTC 10418)		360.60 μg/mL
		E. coli (ATCC 25922)	n.m.	0.30 mg/mL	NCR	[85]
	ADM	E. coli (ATCC 25922)	Ethanol	0.25 μL/mL	Thymol (38.10%), -cymene (29.10%)	[182]
		E. coli (2 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from groin)		0.25–0.50 μL/mL
		E. coli (7 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from wounds)
		E. coli (multidrug-resistant clinical strain from abdominal cavity)		0.50 μL/mL
		E. coli (2 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from ulcers)		0.25–0.50 μL/mL
		E. coli (5 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from bedsores)
	MIC	E. coli (ATCC 11775)	Acetone	0.50 mg/mL	Thymol (47.20%), -cymene (22.10%)	[140]
	ADM	E. coli (ATCC3428)	Tween 20	9.25 μg/mL	Thymol (48.10%), -cymene (15.60%), -terpinene (15.40%)	[81]
	MIC	P. aeruginosa	DMSO	500.00 μg/mL	NCR	[168]
		P. aeruginosa (NCTC 1662)	10% DSMO	1250.30 μg/mL	-Cymene (17.90%), thymol (52.40%)	[139]
	ADM	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	Ethanol	0.50 μL/mL	Thymol (38.10%), -cymene (29.10%)	[182]
		P. aeruginosa (multidrug-resistant clinical strain from toes)		1.50 μL/mL
		P. aeruginosa (6 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from wounds)		1.50–2.00 μL/mL
		P. aeruginosa (6 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from ulcers)		2.00–2.50 μL/mL
		P. aeruginosa (6 multidrug-resistant clinical strains from bedsores)		1.50–2.00 μL/mL
	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027)	Acetone	8.6. mg/mL	Thymol (47.20%), -cymene (22.10%)	[140]
		P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)		2.00 mg/mL	-Cymene (39.90%), thymol (20.70%)	[99]
Thymus vulgaris (thyme) (thymol chemotype)	MAC	E. coli (CECT 516)	95% ethanol	0.5 μL/mL	-Cymene (18.70%), thymol (57.70%)	[61]
Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (thyme) (thymol and two linalool chemotypes)				<0.2 μL/mL	-Cymene (0.50–11.20%), ()-sabinene hydrate (0.20–18.20%), linalool (2.00–82.30%)
Vetiveria zizanioides/Andropogon muricatus (vetiver)	MIC	P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27858)	Acetone	1.50 mg/mL	Zizanol (13.60%), -vetirenene (7.20%)	[99]

name (common name), part of plant (if applicable).
: microdilution method; MAC: macrodilution method; ADM: agar dilution method; CTA: contact time assay.
Type Culture Collection, Rockville, USA (ATCC); Colección Espanõla de Cultivos Tipo (CECT); collection of microorganisms of the Department of Microbiology (MFBF); culture collection of antibiotics-resistant microbes (CCRM); Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, clinical isolate (OGU); Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina (LM); Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC); Mycology Laboratory (LM); National Center of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM); National Collection of Type Cultures, London, Great Britain (NCTC); Spanish Collection of Type Cultures (STCC).
concentration was not included; n.m.: not mentioned.
: no inhibition.
: no composition results reported.