Essential Species Main Reference Abies balsamea (fir) MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL -Pinene (31.00%), bornyl acetate (14.90%), -3-carene (14.20%)[99 ] Abies holophylla (Manchurian fir)C. albicans (B02630)DMSO >2.20 mg/mL Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol (28.05%), -3-carene (13.85%), -pinene (11.68%), camphene (10.41%) [111 ] Abies koreana (Korean fir)Bornyl ester (41.79%), camphene (15.31%), α -pinene (11.19%) Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium (yarrow)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10239)Tween 80 4.50 mg/mL Eucalyptol (24.60%), camphor (16.70%), -terpineol (10.20%) [112 ] Achillea setacea (bristly yarrow)1.12 mg/mL Sabinene (10.80%), eucalyptol (18.50%) [113 ] Angelica archangelica (angelica) rootMIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL α -Phellandrene (18.50%), α -pinene (13.70%), -phellandrene (12.60%), -3-carene (12.10%) [99 ] Angelica archangelica (angelica) seed -Phellandrene (59.20%)Anthemis nobilis (chamomile)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 3.00 mg/mL 2-Methylbutyl-2-methyl propanoic acid (31.50%), limonene (18.30%), 3-methylpentyl-2-butenoic acid (16.70%), isobutyl isobutyrate (10.00%) [99 ] Apium graveolens (celery)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 1.00% v/v NCR [236 ] Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon)MIC Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Estragole (82.60%) [99 ] Boswellia carteri (frankincense)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 1.00% v/v NCR [236 ] Boswellia carteri (frankincense) (9 samples) MIC Acetone 5.30–12.00 mg/mL -Pinene (4.80–40.40%), myrcene (1.60–52.40%), limonene (1.90–20.40%), -thujene (0.30–52.40%), -cymene (2.70–16.90%), -pinene (0.30–13.10%) [116 ] Boswellia frereana (frankincense) (3 samples)6.00–12.00 mg/mL -Pinene (2.00–64.70%), -thujene (0.00–33.10%), -cymene (5.40–16.90%)Boswellia neglecta (frankincense)1.80 mg/mL NCR [117 ] 6.60 mg/mL -Pinene (43.40%), -pinene (13.10%)[116 ] Boswellia papyrifera (frankincense)1.40 mg/mL NCR [117 ] Boswellia rivae (frankincense)4.00 mg/mL Boswellia sacra (frankincense) (2 samples)8.00 mg/mL -Pinene (18.30–28.00%), -thujene (3.90–11.20%), limonene (11.20–13.10%) [116 ] Boswellia spp. (frankincense) (4 samples)6.00–8.00 mg/mL -Pinene (18.80–24.20%), limonene (11.70–19.00%)Boswellia thurifera (frankincense)6.00 mg/mL -Pinene (28.00%), limonene (14.60%)Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 1.00% v/v NCR [236 ] MIC Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Bicyclosesquiphellandrene (19.50%), -farnesene (13.90%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.25–0.50% NCR [237 ] Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) headsMIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Benzyl acetate (31.90%), linalool (27.00%), methyl benzoate (10.40%) [99 ] Canarium luzonicum (elemi)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 3.00 mg/mL Limonene (41.90%), elemol (21.60%), -phellandrene (11.40%) [99 ] Carum carvi (caraway)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Limonene (27.60%), carvone (67.50%) [99 ] Carum carvi (caraway)MIC C. albicans DMSO ≤1.00 μ g/mL DL-Limonene (53.35%), -selinene (11.08%), -elemene (10.09%) [118 ] Cedrus atlantica (cedar wood)ADM90 C. albicans Tween 80 2.00% v/vNCR [236 ] Cinnamomum camphora (camphor)ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.50% NCR [237 ] Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon)MAC80 C. albicans (ATCC90029)n.m. 0.17 μ L/mL trans -Cinnamaldehyde (92.20%)[238 ] Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon)MIC C. albicans DMSO ≤1.00 μ g/mL trans -Caryophyllene (17.18%), eugenol (14.67%), linalool L (14.52%), trans -cinnamyl acetate (13.85%), cymol (11.79%), cinnamaldehyde (11.25%)[118 ] Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)ADM C. albicans DMSO 0.08 μ L/mL NCR [232 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Eugenol (80.00%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.01% NCR [237 ] Citrus aurantium (petitgrain)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.25% v/v NCR [236 ] MIC Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Linalyl acetate (54.90%), linalool (21.10%) [99 ] Citrus bergamia (bergamot)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 1.00% v/v NCR [236 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 1.00–2.00% [237 ] Citrus grandis (grapefruit)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Limonene (74.80%) [99 ] Citrus medica limonum (lemon)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 2.00% v/v NCR [236 ] ADM C. albicans DMSO 2.50 μ L/mL [232 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.50–1.00% [237 ] Citrus limon (lemon), aromatic artMAC C. albicans (clinical strain C31)Tween 80 0.03% Limonene (22.42%), isopropyl myristate (42.78%) [239 ] Citrus limon (lemon), Avicenna0.60% Limonene (42.03%), -pinene (15.15%) Citrus limon (lemon) -Vera NordLimonene (23.39%), trans -citral (15.52%), cis -citral (19.41%) Citrus sinensis (orange)MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)0.1% ethanol 3.75 mg/L NCR [121 ] MIC Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Limonene (93.20%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 1.00% NCR [237 ] Commiphora guidotti (myrrh)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL ( ) - -Ocimene (52.60%), -santalene (11.10%), ( ) -bisabolene (16.00%) [117 ] Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)1.50 mg/mL Furanogermacrene (15.90%), furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (44.30%) 4.00 mg/mL Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene (57.70%), lindestrene (16.30%) [99 ] Coriandrum sativum (coriander)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.25% v/v NCR [236 ] MIC C. albicans (CBS 562 and 4 clinical isolates)n.m. 0.02–0.06 mg/mL Decanal (10.97%), 1-decanol (15.30%), 2-dodecenol (11.26%) [240 ] Cupressus sempervirens (cypress)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 4.00 mg/mL α -Pinene (41.20%), -3-carene (23.70%)[99 ] Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.12% v/v NCR [236 ] ADM C. albicans (SP-14)Sodium taurocholate 5.00 μ L/mL Citral (72.80%) [125 , 126 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Geranial (44.80%) [99 ] MIC C. albicans DMSO ≤1.00 μ g/mL Geranial (47.34%), -myrcene (16.53%), Z-citral (8.36%) [118 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.06% NCR [237 ] Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)MIC C. albicans (CBS 562 and 4 clinical isolates)n.m. 0.06–0.25 mg/mL NCR [240 ] ADM C. albicans (SP-14)Sodium taurocholate 2.00 μ L/mL Geraniol (61.60%) [125 , 126 ] C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates) Tween 20 0.12–0.15% NCR [237 ] C. albicans (clinical samples)0.08% [75 ] Cymbopogon nardus (citronella)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC10231)Tween 80 0.25% v/v NCR [236 ] MIC Acetone 0.75 mg/mL Citronellal (38.30%), geraniol (20.70%), citronellol (18.80%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.50–1.00% NCR [237 ] Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella grass)MIC C. albicans (CBS 562 and 4 clinical isolates)n.m. 0.50–1.00 mg/mL NCR [240 ] Daucus carota (carrot seed)MIC C. albicans (ATCC10231)Acetone 3.00 mg/mL Carotol (44.40%) [99 ] MAC 2% DSMO 1.25–2.50 μ L/mL Sabinene (28.30–33.80%), limonene (6.50–11.80%), elemicin (6.20–26.00%) [241 ] 20.00 μ L/mL (v/v) -Bisabolene (17.6%), carotol (25.1), 11 H-himachal-4-en-1 -ol (21.6%) [242 ] 5.00–10.00 μ L/mL (v/v) -Bisabolene (51.00%), ( ) -methyl isoeugenol (10.00%) -Pinene (37.9%), geranyl acetate (15%) 20.00 μ L/mL (v/v)Geranyl acetate (65.00%) Eucalyptus camaldulensis (eucalyptus)ADM C. albicans DMSO 5.00 μ L/mL NCR [232 ] Eucalyptus fruticetorum (eucalyptus)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC10231)Tween 80 1.00% v/v NCR [236 ] Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 0.05% NCR [75 ] MIC90 C. albicans (ATCC 90028)Tween 80 10.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineol (81.93%) [128 ] ADM C. albicans (SP-14)Sodium taurocholate 5.00 μ L/mL Cineole (23.20%) [125 , 126 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 1.50 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (58.00%), -terpineol (13.20%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 1.50% NCR [237 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 1.00 mg/mL NCR [130 ] Eucalyptus radiata (eucalyptus) MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231) Acetone 1.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole , -terpineol [130 ] Eucalyptus camaldulensis (eucalyptus)0.50 mg/mL NCR Eucalyptus citriodora (eucalyptus)1.00 mg/mL Eucalyptus smithii (eucalyptus)Eucalyptus dives (eucalyptus)Eucalyptus intertexta (eucalyptus)MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)10% DSMO 7.80 μ g/mL NCR [131 ] Eucalyptus largiflorens (eucalyptus)125.00 μ g/mL NCR Eugenia caryophyllus (clove)ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 0.33% NCR [75 ] Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)MIC C. albicans DMSO ≤1.00 μ g/mL trans -Anethole (33.3%), DL-limonene (19.66%), carvone (12.03%)[118 ] Foeniculum dulce (fennel)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL -Anethole (79.10%)[99 ] Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 1.00 mg/mL Isopinocamphone (48.70%), pinocamphone (15.50%) [99 ] Geranium dissectum (geranium)MIC C. albicans DMSO ≤1.00 μ g/mL -Citronellol (25.45%), geraniol (13.83%)[118 ] Jasminum nudiflorum (jasmine) ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 >3.00% NCR [75 ] Juniperi aetheroleum (juniper)MAC80 C. albicans (MFBF)n.m. 1.00% v/v -Pinene (29.17%), -pinene (17.84%), sabinene (13.55%)[135 ] Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper)ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 2.00% NCR [75 ] Juniperus communis (juniper berry)MIC90 C. albicans (ATCC 90028)Tween 80 20.00 mg/mL -Pinene (39.76%)[128 ] Juniperus communis (juniper)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC10231)2.00% v/v NCR [236 ] Juniperus communis ssp. alpina (juniper), berries MAC C. albicans (clinical strain D5) 2% DMSO 1.25–2.50 μ L/mL -Pinene (77.40%) [243 ] Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (juniper)C. albicans (ATCC 10231)5.00–10.00 μ L/mL 2.50 μ L/mL Sabinene (26.20%), -pinene (12.90%), limonene (10.40%) [244 ] Juniperus virginiana (juniper) MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231) Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Thujopsene (29.80%), cedrol (14.90%), -cedrene (12.40%) [99 ] Juniperus virginiana (juniper), berries2.00 mg/mL -Pinene (20.50%), myrcene (13.70%), bicyclosesquiphellandrene (10.70%)Juniperus virginiana (juniper)ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 3.00% NCR [237 ] Juniperus turbinata (juniper), berries MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231) 2% DMSO 10.00–20.00 μ L/mL -Pinene (66.70%) [243 ] C. albicans (clinical strain D5)5.00 μ L/mL Juniperus turbinata (juniper), leafC. albicans (ATCC 10231)2% DMSO 5.00 μ L/mL -Pinene (48.20%), -phellandrene (23.10%)C. albicans (clinical strain D5)1.25 μ L/mL Juniperus oxycedrus (cade juniper)ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 NI NCR [75 ] Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (cade), leaf MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)2% DMSO 1.25–25.00 μ L/mL -Pinene (65.50%) [243 ] C. albicans (clinical strain D5)0.32–0.64 μ L/mL Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (cade), berriesC. albicans (ATCC 10231)2% DMSO 10.00–20.00 μ L/mL -Pinene (54.70)%, myrcene (17.80%), germacrene D (10.40%)C. albicans (clinical strain D5)5.00 μ L/mL Kunzea ericoides (Kānuka)MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 >2.00% v/v -Pinene (61.60%)[137 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 4.00 mg/mL -Pinene (26.20–46.70%), p -cymene (5.80–19.10%)[138 ] Laurus nobilis (bay)0.75 mg/mL Eugenol (57.20%), myrcene (14.30%), chavicol (12.70%) [99 ] Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 >3.00% NCR [75 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 5.70 mg/mL Linalool (30.80%), linalyl acetate (31.30%) [140 ] 3.00 mg/mL Linalyl acetate (36.70%), linalool (31.40%), terpinen-4-ol (14.90%) [99 ] ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.50% v/v NCR [236 ] 0.25% v/v Lavandula officinalis (lavender)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)DMSO ≤1.00 μ g/mL -3-Carene (17.14%), -fenchene (16.79%), diethyl phthalate (13.84%)[118 ] Lavandula pedunculata (French lavender)MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)2% DMSO 2.50 μ L/mL 1,8-Cineole (2.40–55.50%), fenchone (1.30–59.70%), camphor (3.60–48.00%) [245 ] Lavandula stoechas (French lavender)Fenchone (37.00%) and camphor (27.30%) [246 ] Lavandula viridis (yellow lavender)1,8-Cineole (34.50%–42.2%), camphor (13.40%) [247 ] Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 >2.00% v/v (−)-( ) -Calamenene (14.50%), leptospermone (17.60%) [137 ] MIC Acetone 8.00 mg/mL Eudesma-4(14),11-diene (6.2–14.5%), α -selinene (5.90–13.5%), ( ) -methyl cinnamate (9.2–19.5%) [138 ] Litsea cubeba (May Chang)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 6.00 mg/mL Geranial (45.60%), nerol (31.20%) [99 ] Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 0.50 mg/mL Bisabolene oxide A (46.90%), -farnesene (19.20%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 NI NCR [75 ] Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 0.73% NCR [75 ] MIC C. albican s (KEM H5)n.m. 0.13% (v/v) Terpinen-4-ol (39.80%), -terpinene (17.80%) [149 , 150 ] ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC10231)Tween 80 0.25% v/v NCR [236 ] ADM 0.20% v/v Terpinen-4-ol (42.80%), -terpinene (18.20%) [115 ] MIC C. albicans (NCYC 854)n.m. 0.25% v/v NCR [145 ] C. albicans (fluconazole- and itraconazole-susceptible isolates) Tween 80 0.06–0.50% v/v Terpinen-4-ol (42.35%), -terpinene (20.65%) [248 ] C. albicans (fluconazole- and/or itraconazole-resistant isolates; six isolates were cross-resistant)0.25–0.50% v/v ADM C. albicans (NRRL y-12983) n.m. 3.50 mg/mL NCR [249 ] C. albicans (ATCC 14053)C. albicans (NRRL y-869)C. albicans (NRRL y-22077)1.75 mg/mL C. albicans (ATCC 10231)3.50 mg/mL MIC C. albicans (NRRL 12983) 4.73 mg/mL -Terpinene (16.30%), terpinen-4-ol (30.30%) [61 ] C. albicans (ATCC 14053)C. albicans (ATCC 90028)C. albicans (NRRL 22077)2.30 mg/mL C. albicans (ATCC 10231)4.73 mg/mL C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 3.70 mg/mL Terpinen-4-ol (38.60%), -terpinene (21.60%) [140 ] MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.30% v/v -Terpinene (11.40%), -terpinene (22.50%), terpinen-4-ol (35.20%)[137 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Terpinen-4-ol (49.30%), -terpinene (16.90%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.12–0.25% NCR [237 ] Melaleuca cajuputi (cajuput)MIC90 C. albicans (ATCC 90028)Tween 80 2.50 mg/mL 1,8-Cineol (67.60%) [128 ] MAC C. albicans (ATCC10231)0.40% v/v 1,8-Cineole (55.50%) [137 ] Melaleuca quinquenervia (niaouli)MAC C. albicans (ATCC10231)Tween 80 0.40% v/v 1,8-Cineole (61.20%) [137 ] Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)MIC C. albicans (ATCC10231)Acetone 1.75 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (45.90%), α -terpinene (21.00%) [99 ] Mentha piperita (peppermint)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC10231)Tween 80 0.50% v/v NCR [236 ] MIC90 C. albicans (ATCC 90028)0.30 mg/mL 1,8-Cineol (12.06%), menthone (22.24%), menthol (47.29%) [128 ] ADM C. albicans (SP-14)Sodium taurocholate 5.00 μ L/mL Menthol (36.40%) [125 , 126 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.40 mg/mL Menthone (18.20%), menthol (42.90%) [140 ] ADM C. albicans (clinical isolate)Tween 20 0.08% NCR [75 ] MIC C. albicans (clinical isolate) DMSO 0.31–0.63 mg/mL Menthol (27.50–42.30%), menthone (18.40–27.90%) [155 ] C. albicans ≤1.00 μ g/mL Menthone (40.82%), carvone (24.16%) [118 ] C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Menthol (47.50%), menthone (18.60%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.25–0.30% NCR [237 ] Mentha pulegium (peppermint) MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)10% DMSO 1.00 μ L/mL Piperitone (38.00%), piperitenone (33.00%) [250 ] Mentha rotundifolia (peppermint), BejaC. albicans Tween 80 0.80% v/v β -Caryophyllene (26.67%), germacrene D (12.31%) [50 ] Mentha rotundifolia (peppermint), BizertePulegone (32.09%), piperitenone oxide (17.28%), 5-acetyl thiazole (11.26%) Mentha spicata (spearmint)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.12% v/v NCR [236 ] Myrtus communis (myrtle)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Myrtenyl acetate (28.20%), 1,8-cineole (25.60%), α -pinene (12.50%) [99 ] Myrtus nivellei (Sahara myrtle)MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)2% DMSO 1.25–2.50 μ g/mL 1,8-Cineole (37.50%), limonene (25.00%) [251 ] Ocimum basilicum var. minimum (basil)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 11006)DMSO NI Linalool (440%), 1,8-cineole (15.50%) [252 ] Ocimum americanum (basil)5000.00 μ g/mL 1,8-Cineole (25.90%), (Z)-methyl cinnamate (29.40%) Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens (basil)Linalool (41.50%), α -muurolol (11.80%) Ocimum micranthum (basil)625.00 μ g/mL Eugenol (64.11%), β -caryophyllene (14.30%) Ocimum selloi 1250.00 μ g/mL Linalool (16.8%), anethole (52.2%) Ocimum basilicum (basil)MIC C. albicans n.m. 30.00 μ g/μ L Estragole (45.80%), linalool (24.20%) [253 ] ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC10231)Tween 80 0.50% v/v NCR [236 ] ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 1.50% [75 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 1.00 mg/mL Linalool (54.10%) [99 ] MIC90 n.m. 95.00 μ g/mL Methyl chavicol (46.90%), geranial (19.10%), neral (15.15%) [159 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 1.00% NCR [237 ] Ocimum gratissimum (African basil)MIC C. albicans (clinical isolate)n.m. 750.00 μ g/mL Eugenol (67.00%) [254 ] Ocimum sanctum (holy basil) MIC90 C. albicans (37 clinical isolates (5 resistant to fluconazole)) 10% DMSO 0.10–0.24 μ L/mL Methyl chavicol (44.63%), linalool (21.84%) [255 ] C. albicans (ATCC 90028)0.25 μ L/mL C. albicans (ATCC 10261)0.20 μ L/mL C. albicans (ATCC 44829)ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 0.48% NCR [75 ] Origanum majorana (marjoram)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (46.00%), linalool (26.10%) [99 ] Origanum acutidens (Turkey oregano)MIC C. albicans (A117)10% DMSO 125.00 μ g/mL Carvacrol (72.00%) [161 ] Origanum microphyllum (oregano)MIC C. albicans Tween 80 3.23 mg/mL Terpinen-4-ol (24.86%), -terpinene (13.83%), linalool (10.81%) [162 ] Origanum vulgare (oregano)MIC C. albicans n.m. 2.00 μ g/μ L Carvacrol (61.30%), thymol (13.90%) [253 ] ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC10231)Tween 80 0.12% v/v NCR [236 ] ADM C. albicans (NRRL y-12983) n.m. 0.70 mg/mL NCR [249 ] C. albicans (ATCC 14053)C. albicans (NRRL y-869)C. albicans (NRRL y-22077)C. albicans (ATCC 10231)MIC C. albicans (NRRL 12983)Cymene (25.00%), cymenol (58.6.00%) [61 ] C. albicans (ATCC 14053)C. albicans (ATCC 90028)C. albicans (NRRL 22077)C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Greek oregano)MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10239)10% DMSO + Tween 80 85.30 μ g/mL Linalool (96.31%) [165 ] Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare (oregano)128.00 μ g/mL Thymol (58.31%), carvacrol (16.11%), -cymene (13.45%) Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) ADM C. albicans (NRRL y-12983) n.m. 0.70 mg/mL NCR [249 ] C. albicans (ATCC 14053)C. albicans (NRRL y-869)C. albicans (NRRL y-22077)C. albicans (ATCC 10231) MIC C. albicans (NRRL 12983) n.m. 0.12 mg/mL Citronellol (47.30%) [61 ] C. albicans (ATCC 14053)C. albicans (ATCC 90028)C. albicans (NRRL 22077)C. albicans (ATCC 10231)n.m. 0.06 mg/mL C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 0.75 mg/mL Citronellol (34.20%), geraniol (15.70%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.12% NCR [237 ] Perovskia abrotanoides (Russian sage)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)10% DMSO 8.00 μ L/mL Camphor (23.00%), 1,8-cineole (22.00%), α -pinene 12.00% [167 ] Pimenta racemosa (West Indian bay)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.12% v/v NCR [236 ] Pimpinella anisum (anise)MAC83 C. albicans n.m. 1.00% v/v Anethole, anisaldehyde, linalool [256 ] MIC DMSO ≤1.00 μ g/mL Anethole (64.82%) [118 ] Pinus sylvestris (pine)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Bornyl acetate (42.30%), camphene (11.80%), -pinene (11.00%) [99 ] Piper nigrum (black pepper)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL β -Caryophyllene (33.80%), limonene (16.40%)[99 ] Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 1.50 mg/mL Patchouli alcohol (37.30%), α -bulnesene (14.60%), -guaiene (12.50%) [99 ] Ricinus officinalis (rose)ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 >3.00% NCR [75 ] Rosa gallica (rose)ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 1.00–2.00% NCR [237 ] Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.25% v/v 1,8-Cineole (27.23%), -pinene (19.43%), camphor (14.26%), camphene (11.52%) [169 ] 0.10% v/v 1,8-Cineole (26.54%), -pinene (20.14%), camphene (11.38%), camphor (12.88%) [170 ] C. albicans (MTCC 1637)n.m. 5.50 mg/mL NCR [171 ] C. albicans (10 antifungal-resistant isolates)2.75–5.50 mg/mL C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 5.70 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (41.40%), -pinene (13.30%), camphor (12.40%) [140 ] 2.00 mg/mL 1,8-Cineole (48.00%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 1.00% NCR [237 ] Salvia eremophila (sage)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)10% DMSO 13.00 μ g/mL Borneol (21.83%), -pinene (18.80%), bornyl acetate (18.68%) [174 ] Salvia officinalis (sage)ADM90 Tween 80 0.50% v/v NCR [236 ] Salvia ringens (sage)MIC C. albicans n.m. 0.75 mg/mL -Pinene (12.85%), 1,8-cineole (46.42%)[177 ] Salvia rosifolia (sage) (3 samples)MIC C. albicans 20% DMSO 500.00 μ g/mL -Pinene (15.70–34.80%), 1,8-cineole (16.60–25.10%), -pinene (6.70–13.50%)[178 ] Salvia sclarea (clary sage) MIC C. albicans (13 clinical isolates and 1 reference strain ATCC 10231)1% DMSO 128.00–256.00 μ g/mL Linalyl acetate (56.88%), linalool (20.75%) [257 ] C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 0.88 mg/mL Linalyl acetate (72.90%), linalool (11.90%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 2.00% NCR [237 ] Santalum album (sandalwood)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.06% v/v NCR [236 ] MIC Acetone 2.00 mg/mL -Santalol (32.10%)[99 ] Santolina chamaecyparissus (santolina)MIC C. albicans (CBS 562 and 4 clinical isolates)n.m. 0.25–>1.00 mg/mL NCR [240 ] Styrax benzoin (benzoin)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.00 mg/mL Cinnamyl alcohol (44.80%), benzene propanol (21.70%) [99 ] Syzygium aromaticum (clove)ADM90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.12% v/v NCR [236 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 0.13% v/v Eugenol (68.52%), β -caryophyllene (19.00%), 2-methoxy-4-[2-propenyl]phenol acetate (10.15%) [169 ] DMSO ≤1.00 μ g/mL Eugenol (84.07%), isoeugenol (10.39%) [118 ] MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)DMSO 0.64 μ g/mL Eugenol (85.30%) [258 ] C. albicans (clinical isolate D5)C. albicans (clinical isolate D1)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 0.50 mg/mL Eugenol (82.20%), eugenol acetate (13.20%) [99 ] ADM C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)Tween 20 0.12% NCR [237 ] Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold)MIC90 C. albicans (ATCC 10231)n.m. 115.00 μ g/mL Dihydrotagetone (33.90%), -ocimene (19.90%), tagetone (16.10%) [159 ] Tagetes patula (French marigold)MIC Acetone 2.00 mg/mL ( ) - -Ocimene (41.30%), -tagetone (11.20%), verbenone (10.90%)[99 ] Thymus broussonetii (thyme)MAC C. albicans (CCMM L4)n.m. 0.25 mg/mL Thymol (39.64%), carvacrol (21.31%), borneol (20.13%) [259 ] Thymus capitatus (thyme)MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 450.00 μ g/mL -Cymene (26.40%), thymol (29.30%), carvacrol (10.80%) [181 ] Thymus capitatus (thyme), commercial -Pinene (25.20%), linalool (10.30%), thymol (46.10%)Thymus herba-barona (thyme)MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)2% DMSO 0.32 μ L/mL Carvacrol (54.00%), thymol (30.20%) [246 ] Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Limbara MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Tween 80 450.00 μ g/mL -Cymene (27.60%), thymol (50.30%) [181 ] Thymus herba-barona (thyme), Gennargentu225.00 μ g/mL Thymol (46.90%), carvacrol (20.60%) Thymus magnus (thyme)C. albicans (KCCM 11282)Ethanol and Tween 80 0.39 mg/mL Thymol (39.80%) [260 ] Thymus maroccanus (thyme)MAC C. albicans (CCMM L4)n.m. 0.25 mg/mL Carvacrol (89.15%) [259 ] Thymus mastichina subsp. mastichina (thyme)C. albicans (ATCC 10231, H37, M1)n.m. 1.25–2.50 μ L/mL 1,8-Cineole (67.40%) [261 ] Thymus quinquecostatus (thyme)MIC C. albicans (KCCM 11282)Ethanol and Tween 80 0.39 mg/mL Thymol (41.70%), -terpinene (16.00%) [260 ] Thymus schimperi (thyme)ADM C. albicans DMSO 0.16 μ L/mL NCR [232 ] Thymus vulgaris (thyme)MIC C. albicans n.m. 4.00 μ g/μ L Thymol (47.90%) [253 ] MAC C. albicans (ATCC 10231, H37, M1)0.16–0.32 μ L/mL Carvacrol (70.30%), -cymene (11.70%) [261 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 2.40 mg/mL Thymol (47.20%), - cymene (22.10%) [140 ] 1.00 mg/mL -Cymene (39.90%), thymol (20.70%)[99 ] Thymus x viciosoi (thyme) MAC C. albicans (clinical isolates M1, D5), C. albicans (ATCC 10231)1% DMSO 0.04–0.64 μ L/ mL Carvacrol (30.0 0%), thymol (18.00 %), -cymene (19.0 0%) [262 ] Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris (thyme)C. albicans (ATCC 10231)2% DMSO 0.32–1.25 μ L/mL - Cymene (11.00–17.00%), γ -terpinene (3.80–11.50%), linalool (3.50–30.00%), geraniol (0.10–19.80%), thymol (5.20–23.80%), carvacrol (1.30–25.00%), geranyl acetate (0.50–20.80%)[263 ] Thymus zygis subsp. zygis (thyme)C. albicans (ATCC 10231, H37, M1)n.m. NI Thymol (39.60%), -cymene (21.20%) [261 ] Vetiveria zizanioides/Andropogon muricatus (vetiver)ADM C. albicans (clinical samples)Tween 20 NI NCR [75 ] MIC C. albicans (ATCC 10231)Acetone 1.75 mg/mL Zizanol (13.60%), -vetirenene (7.20%) [99 ] Zingiber officinalis (ginger) ADM C. albicans (clinical samples) Tween 20 3.00% NCR [75 ] C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and 3 clinical isolates)[237 ]