Effect of Taichi Softball on Function-Related Outcomes in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial

Table 2

Within-group and between-group comparisons for outcome measures at baseline and week 7 () using repeated measures ANOVA.

Measure	Within-group effects			Between-group effects
	Baseline	Week 7		Baseline–Week 7	Time by group
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)		Mean (SD)	F(1, 72)
Spiral Drawing Test					29.58	<0.0001
Taichi softball	3.11 (.94)	2.44 (.77)	<0.0001	.67 (.76)
Control group	2.18 (.87)	3.18 (.87)	0.002	−.37 (.67)
Moberg Pickup Test					44.76	<0.0001
Taichi softball	21.61 (8.35)	18.39 (6.71)	<0.0001	3.22 (3.33)
Control group	21.11 (8.09)	21.95 (8.30)	0.004	−.84 (1.67)
Handgrip Strength Test					39.26	<0.0001
Taichi softball	16.50 (4.00)	20.58 (4.20)	<0.0001	−4.08 (4.17)
Control group	16.63 (4.02)	16.34 (3.71)	0.086	.290 (1.01)
Arm Curl-Up test					34.09	<0.0001
Taichi softball	18.31 (5.99)	22.33 (4.97)	<0.0001	−4.03 (4.42)
Control group	17.89 (5.23)	17.71 (5.10)	0.033	.18 (.51)
Back Scratch Test					124.58	<0.0001
Taichi softball	14.57 (4.76)	10.93 (5.05)	<0.0001	3.63 (2.04)
Control group	14.51 (4.39)	15.40 (4.69)	<0.0001	−.89 (2.23)
Chair Stand Test					117.09	<0.0001
Taichi softball	13.47 (2.43)	20.22 (3.32)	<0.0001	−6.75 (3.70)
Control group	14.02 (2.61)	13.13 (1.89)	0.019	.89 (2.24)
Timed Up and Go Test					213.15	<0.0001
Taichi softball	14.74 (1.22)	11.16 (.65)	<0.0001	3.58 (1.23)
Control group	14.25 (1.00)	15.27 (1.61)	<0.0001	−1.03 (1.47)