Plant name Part used Snake venom Inhibited activities Reference(s) In vitro In vivo Acanthaceae Justicia Leaf B. jararaca — Hemorrhage [33 ] Amaranthaceae Blutaparon portulacoides Aerial parts B. jararacussu — Edema [109 ] Anacardiaceae Anacardium excelsum Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Annonaceae Ephedranthus columbianus Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Sapranthus isae Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Apocynaceae Allamanda Branch, leaf, stem B. atrox — Hemorrhage [124 ] Fernaldia pandurata (syn. Mandevilla velutina )Leaf, stem, subterranean system B. alternatus, B. jararacussu, B. moojeni, B. pirajai PLA2 Edema [125 ] Tabernaemontana catharinensis Root bark B. jararacussu Myotoxicity Myotoxicity [126 ] Araceae Dracontium Rhizome B. asper — Edema [127 ] Philodendron Liana, vine B. atrox, B. jararaca PLA2 Edema [33 , 128 ] Philodendron Branch, leaf B. atrox — Hemorrhage [124 ] Asteraceae Chaptalia nutans Leaf B. asper — Edema [129 ] Eclipta prostrata (syn. Eclipta alba )# Aerial parts B. jararaca, B. jararacussu Myotoxicity Myotoxicity [130 ] Mikania glomerata Leaf B. jararaca — Edema [131 , 132 ] Neurolaena Branch, leaf, stem B. atrox — Hemorrhage [124 ] Pseudelephantopus Whole plant B. atrox — Hemorrhage [124 ] Bignoniaceae Fridericia chica (syn. Arrabidaea chica )Leaf B. atrox — Edema [133 ] Tabebuia aurea Stem bark B. neuwiedi H2 O2 production by peritoneal macrophages Edema, hemorrhage [110 ] Tabebuia Stem bark B. asper, B. atrox PLA2 Edema [124 , 127 , 134 ] Bixaceae Bixa Branch, leaf B. asper, B. atrox PLA2 Edema [124 , 127 , 134 ] Boraginaceae Cordia verbenacea Leaf B. jararacussu — Edema [135 ] Clusiaceae Clusia fluminensis Fruit B. jararaca Proteolytic Hemorrhage [136 ] Combretaceae Combretum leprosum Root B. jararaca, B. jararacussu Collagenase, myotoxicity, PLA2 , proteolytic Edema, hemorrhage [99 ] Connaraceae Connarus Bark B. atrox, B. jararaca PLA2 , proteolytic Edema [33 , 115 , 128 ] Costaceae Costus ND B. atrox PLA2 — [134 ] Costus spicatus Leaf B. atrox — Edema [137 ] Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum (syn. Kalanchoe pinnata )# Leaf B. jararaca PLA2 Edema, hemorrhage [138 ] Kalanchoe laciniata (syn. Kalanchoe brasiliensis )# Leaf B. jararaca PLA2 Edema, hemorrhage [33 , 138 ] Dicranaceae Dicranum frigidum Whole plant B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Dilleniaceae Davilla elliptica Leaf B. jararaca — Hemorrhage [139 ] Euphorbiaceae Croton urucurana Stem bark B. jararaca — Hemorrhage [140 ] Hevea nitida Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Jatropha Leaf B. erythromelas, B. jararaca PLA2 , proteolytic, SVH Edema, hemorrhage, myotoxicity [96 , 119 ] Jatropha Leaf B. erythromelas, B. jararaca — Edema, hemorrhage, myotoxicity, peritonitis [141 ] Fabaceae Abarema cochliacarpos Stem bark B. leucurus — Decreased motor function, edema, hyperalgesia, myotoxicity [101 ] Brownea ariza Bark, leaf B. asper PLA2 , proteolytic — [142 ] Brownea Leaf, stem bark B. asper, B. atrox PLA2 , proteolytic Edema [124 , 127 , 134 , 143 ] Cassia Seed B. jararaca — Hemorrhage [33 ] Dipteryx alata Bark B. jararacussu Myotoxicity — [144 ] Pentaclethra Bark B. alternatus, B. asper, B. atrox, B. jararaca, B. jararacussu, B. moojeni, B. neuwiedi, B. pirajai PLA2 Edema [145 ] Plathymenia Bark B. atrox, B. jararaca PLA2 Edema [33 , 128 ] Schizolobium parahyba Leaf B. alternatus, B. moojeni, B. pauloensis PLA2 Hemorrhage [146 , 147 ] Senna Whole plant B. atrox PLA2 Hemorrhage [124 , 134 ] Heliconiaceae Heliconia Rhizome B. asper, B. atrox PLA2 , proteolytic Edema [124 , 127 , 134 , 148 ] Heliconia latispatha Rhizome B. asper PLA2 , proteolytic — [148 ] Heliconia wagneriana Rhizome B. asper PLA2 , proteolytic — [148 ] Hymenophyllaceae Trichomanes elegans# Whole plant B. asper, B. atrox PLA2 Edema [124 , 127 , 134 ] Hypericaceae Hypericum brasiliense Whole plant B. jararaca Proteolytic Edema [149 ] Icacinaceae Casimirella ampla (syn. Humirianthera ampla )Root B. atrox, B. jararaca, B. jararacussu Myotoxicity, PLA2, proteolytic Edema [102 ] Lamiaceae Marsypianthes Inflorescence, leaf B. atrox PLA2 Peritonitis [108 ] Peltodon radicans Flower, leaf, stem B. atrox — Edema [150 ] Lauraceae Aniba parviflora (syn. Aniba fragrans )# Bark, leaf B. atrox, B. jararaca PLA2 Edema [33 , 128 ] Loasaceae Nasa speciosa (syn. Loasa speciosa )Leaf B. asper — Edema [129 ] Loganiaceae Strychnos pseudoquina Leaf B. jararaca — Hemorrhage [139 ] Strychnos ND B. atrox PLA2 — [134 ] Loranthaceae Struthanthus Branch, leaf B. asper, B. atrox PLA2 Edema [124 , 127 , 134 ] Magnoliaceae Magnolia espinalii (syn. Talauma espinalii )Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Magnolia guatapensis (syn. Dugandiodendron guatapense )Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Magnolia hernandezii (syn. Talauma hernandezii )Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Magnolia yarumalensis (syn. Dugandiodendron yarumalense )Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassa Leaf B. jararaca — Hemorrhage Malvaceae Pachira glabra (syn. Bombacopsis glabra )Root bark B. pauloensis — Hemorrhage [151 ] Melastomataceae Bellucia Bark B. atrox, B. jararaca PLA2 Edema [33 , 98 , 128 , 152 ] Mouriri pusa Leaf B. jararaca — Hemorrhage [139 ] Meliaceae Carapa guianensis Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Cedrela odorata Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Swietenia humilis Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Swietenia macrophylla Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Swietenia mahagoni Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Menispermaceae Cissampelos Leaf B. asper — Hemorrhage [153 ] Moraceae Brosimum guianense Leaf B. atrox — Hemorrhage [154 ] Castilla Branch, leaf, stem B. atrox — Hemorrhage [124 ] Ficus Branch, leaf, stem B. asper, B. atrox — Edema [124 , 127 ] Musaceae Musa × paradisíac Exudate B. jararacussu PLA2 Hemorrhage [155 ] Myrtaceae Myrcia guianensis Leaf B. jararaca PLA2 Hemorrhage [156 ] Passifloraceae Passiflora Branch, leaf B. atrox — Hemorrhage [124 ] Piperaceae Piper Branch, leaf B. atrox PLA2 Hemorrhage [124 , 134 ] Piper Leaf, branch, stem B. atrox — Hemorrhage [124 ] Polypodiaceae Pleopeltis Branch, leaf, stem, whole plant B. asper, B. atrox PLA2 , proteolytic Edema [124 , 127 , 134 ] Rubiaceae Gonzalagunia Branch, leaf, stem B. asper, B. atrox PLA2 Edema [124 , 127 , 134 ] Randia Fruit B. asper — Myotoxicity [78 ] Uncaria tomentosa Root B. asper — Edema [129 ] Rutaceae Citrus Ripe fruit B. asper, B. atrox — Edema [124 , 127 ] Murraya Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Salicaceae Casearia Leaf B. moojeni, B. neuwiedi PLA2 Myotoxicity [157 ] Casearia Leaf B. asper, B. jararacussu, B. moojeni, B. neuwiedi, B. pirajai Myonecrosis, neuromuscular blockade Edema [158 –160 ] Sapindaceae Billia hippocastanum Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Cupania americana Leaf, twig B. asper PLA2 — [111 ] Sapindus saponaria In vitro cultivated callus, leaf, twigB. alternatus, B. asper, B. jararacussu, B. moojeni PLA2 Hemorrhage [111 , 161 ] Serjania erecta Aerial parts B. jararacussu PLA2 Edema [162 ] Siparunaceae Siparuna Branch, leaf, stem B. atrox — Hemorrhage [124 ] Solanaceae Capsicum annuum (syn. Capsicum frutescens )# Ripe fruit B. atrox — Hemorrhage [124 ] Urticaceae Urera baccifera Leaf B. asper — Edema [129 ] Velloziaceae Vellozia squamata (syn. Vellozia flavicans )Leaf B. jararacussu Neuromuscular blockade and cell damage — [163 ] Zingiberaceae Curcuma Rhizome B. alternatus — Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis [164 ] Renealmia Leaf, rhizome B. asper, B. atrox PLA2 , proteolytic Edema [107 , 127 , 134 , 165 , 166 ]
